Contents: 1) The primary sources: Important collections of medieval sources; 2) Guides to using the primary sources; 3) Guides to Latin; 4) Guides to prosopography, topography, and chronology; 5) Specialized encyclopedias.
Latin Theology: J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus: Series latina, 221 volumes (Paris, 1841-64) [=PL]. More recent editions of many of the works contained in these collections may be found in the following ongoing series: Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum (Vienna) [=CSEL]; Corpus christianorum, series latina [=CCSL], Corpus christianorum, series graeca [=CCSG], Corpus christianorum, Continuatio mediaevalis [=CCCM](all published in Turnhout); Sources chrétiennes [=SC] (Paris).
Latin hagiography: Sanctuarium seu Vitae sanctorum, ed. Boninus Mombritius (Bonino Mombrizio), 2 vols. (Milan, ca. 1477; reprint edition, Paris, 1910); De probatis sanctorum historiis ed. Laurentius Surius (Laurence Suhr), fifth edition, 13 vols.(Marieta, 1875-1880); Acta primorum martyrym sincera et selecta . . ., ed. Th. Ruinart (first edition, Paris, 1689; fifth edition Regensburg, 1859); Acta Sanctorum quotquot toto orbe coluntur, eds. Jean Bolland, et al, (original ed., 67 vols., Antwerp and Brussels, 1643-1940; second edition, 43 vols., Venice; third edition, 60 vols., Paris). [standard abbreviation: AASS]; Acta Sanctorum ordinis Sancti Benedicti, eds. Luc d'Achéry and Jean Mabillon, first ed., 6 vols. in 9 (Paris, 1668-1701; partial reprint edition, Brussels, 1935). (standard abbeviation: AASSOB).
Greek Theology: J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus: Series graeca, 176 volumes (Paris, 1857-1876) [=PG]. Also see Sources chrétiennes (Paris).
Church councils: Philippe Labbe and Gabriel Cossart (eds.), Sacrosancta concilia, 17 volumes in 18 (Paris, 1671-73); revised edition by N. Coleti, 23 volumes (Venice, 1728-33); Giovanni Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 31 vols. (Florence and Venice, 1759-98); revised edition of the latter by J.-B. Martin and L. Petit, 53 vols. in 60 (Paris, 1899-27; reprint, Graz, 1960-62). Councils of early church: G. Alberigo, et al. (eds.), Les conciles oecuméniques, 1: L'histoire, trans. J. Mignon (Paris, 1994); G. Alberigo, et al. (eds.), Les conciles oecuméniques, 2: Les décrets, trans. A. Duval et al., 2 vols. (Paris, 1994). Councils of Gaul: Concilia Galliae. A. 314 - A. 506, ed. Charles Munier (Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina 148; Turnholt, 1963); Conciles gaulois du IVe siècle, ed. Jean Gaudemet (Sources chrétiennes, 241; Paris, 1977); Concilia Galliae. A.511 -- A.695, ed. Carlo de Clercq (Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina, 148A; Turnholt, 1963); Les canons des conciles mérovingiens (VIe-VII siècles), ed. Jean Gaudemet and Brigitte Basdevant, 2 vols. (Sources chrétiennes 353-4; Paris, 1989). Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Legum Sectio III, Concilia: Concilia aevi Merovingici, ed. Friederich Maassen (MGH, Concilia, 1; Hannover, 1893); Concilia aevi Karolini, ed. Albert Werminghoff, 2 vols. (MGH, Concilia, 2; Hannover, 1906-8); Libri Carolini, ed. Hubert Bastgen (MGH, Concilia, 2, supplement; Hannover, 1924); Die Konzilien der Karolingischen Teilreiche, 843-859, ed. Wilifried Hartmann (MGH, Concilia, 3; Hannover, 1984); Hincmar of Reims, De divortio Lotharii regis et Theubergae reginae, ed. Letha Bohringer (MGH, Concilia, 4, supplement 1; Hannover, 1992); Ernst-Dieter Hehl, Die Konzilien Deutschlands und Reichsitaliens, 916-1001: Teil 1. 916-960 (MGH, Concilia, 6.1; Hannover, 1987). France: André Artonne, Repertoire des statuts synodaux des dioceses de l'ancienne France (1963); Les statuts synodaux français du XIIIe siècle: Volume I. Odette Pontal, Les statuts de Paris et le synodal de l'ouest (XIIIe siècle) (Paris, 1971); Volume II. Odette Pontal, Les statuts de 1230-1260 (Paris, 1983); Volume III. Joseph Avril, Les statuts synodaux angévins de la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle (Paris, 1988). England: Councils and Synods, with other Documents related to the English Church, I (871-1204), ed. Dorothy Whitelock, Martin Brett, and Christopher Brooke, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1981).
The Papacy: The Liber Pontificalis: Le Liber Pontificalis, ed. Louis Duchesne and Cyril Vogel, 3 vols. (Paris, 1886-1957); Libri Pontificalis, ed. Theodor Mommsen, 2 vols. (MGH, Gestorum Pontificum Romanorum, 1; Berlin, 1898); partial ET: The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis), trans. Raymond Davis (Liverpool, 1989) and The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis), trans. Raymond Davis (Liverpool, 1992). Before Gregorian reform: Papsturkunden 896-1046, ed. Harald Zimmermann, 2 vols. (Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften, 174; Vienna, 1984-5), see also Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Regesta Imperii: Sächsisches Haus, 919-1024, fünfte Abteilung: Papstregesten, 911-1024, ed. Harald Zimmermann (Vienna, 1969). Gregorian reform: Leo Santifaller (ed.), Quellen und Forschungen zum Urkunden und Kanzleiwesen Papst Gregors VII, part 1 [only one published] (Studi e testi, 190; Vatican, 1957); Erich Caspar, Das Register Gregors VII, 2 vols. (MGH, Epistolae selectae, 2; Gerlin, 1920-55), partial ET: Ephraim Emerton, The Correspondence of Gregory VII (New York, 1932); see also The Epistolae Vagantes of Pope Gregory VII, ed. and trans. H. E. J. Cowdrey (Oxford, 1972); Robert Somerville, The Councils of Urban II: I, Decreta Claromontensia (Amsterdam, 1972). Italy: Paul Kehr, Italia pontificia, sive Repertorium privilegiorum et litterarum a Romanis pontificibus ante annum MCLXXXXVIII, Italiae ecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatibus, singulisque personis concessorum, 12 vols. (Berlin, 1906-present); Samuel Löwenfeld, Papsturkunden in Italien: Ein Nachtrag (Vienna, 1880); Walther Holtzmann (ed.), Kanonistische Ergänzungen zur Italia Pontificia (Tübingen, 1959); Paul Kehr, Papsturkunden in Italien: Reiseberichte zur Italia Pontificia, 6 vols. (Vatican, 1977); Rudolf Hiestand, Initien- und Empfangerzeichnen zu Italia Pontificia (MGH, Hilfsmittel, 6; Munich, 1983). Iberia: Carl Erdmann, Paptsurkunden in Portugal (Berlin, 1927). France: Papsturkunden in Frankreich, 8 vols. (Berlin, 1932-present). (1: Champagne and Lotharingia; 2: Normandy; 3: Artois; 4: Picardy; 5: Touraine, Anjou, Maine, and Brittany; 6: Orléanais; 7: Northern Ile-de-France and Vermandois; 8: Paris [only first volume published to date]). See also Wilhelm Wiederhold, Papsturkunden in Frankreich: Reiseberichte zur Gallia Pontificia, 2 vols. (Vatican, 1985). Germany: Germania pontificia, sive repertorium privilegiorum et letterarum a Romanis Pontificibus ante annum MCLXXXXVIII Germaniae ecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatibus, singulisque personis concessorum, 10 vols. (Berlin, 1911 [1-3]; Gottingen, 1978-87 [4-10]). (1: Salzburg; 2-4: Mainz; 6: Hamburg-Bremen; 7: Cologne; 10: Trier). Note: volumes 4-10 are appearing in individual fascicles; many are not yet prepared. Switzerland: Acta pontifica helvetica. Band 1: 1198-1268, ed. Johannes Bernouilli (Gasel, 1891) (only volume published). See also Anton Largiader, Die Papsturkunden der Schweiz von Innozenz III. bis Martin V., ohne Zurich. Ein Beitrag zum Censimentum Helveticum, 2 vols. (Zurich, 1969-present). England: Walther Holtzmann, Paptsurkunden in England, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1930). (Only volumes ever published.) See also Papal Decretals Relating to the Diocese of Lincoln in the Twelfth Century, ed. Walther Holtzmann, trans. Eric Kemp (Publications of the Lincoln Records Society, 47; Hereford, 1954). Scotland: Scotia pontificia: Papal Letters to Scotland Before the Pontificate of Innocent III, ed. and trans. Robert Somerville (Oxford, 1982). Ireland: Pontificia Hibernica: Medieval Papal Chancery Documents Concerning Ireland, 640-1261, ed. Maurice Sheehy, 2 vols. (Dublin, 1962-65). Scandinavia: Acta pontificum danica. Pavelige aktstydden vedr_rende Danmark, 1316-1536, 7 vols. (Copenhagen, 1904-43). Poland: Joannes Ptasnik, Analecta Vaticana, 1202-1366 (Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana, 3; Cracow, 1914). Holy Land: Rudolf Hiestand, Papsturkunden für Templer und Johanniter (Gottingen, 1984) and Papsturkunden für Kirchen im Heiligen Lande (Gottingen, 1985).
Canon law: Erich Caspar (ed.), Corpus Iuris Canonici, 1: Decretum Magistri Gratiani (Leipzig, 1879); Emil Friedberg (ed.), Corpus Iuris Canonici, 2: Decretales Gregorii IX (Leipzig, 1881). Also see Henry Denzinger, Enchiridion symbolorum: definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum, 34th ed., ed. Schoeenmetzer (Freiburg, 1967) [a short handbook of doctrinal pronouncements].
Italy: Italia sacra, sive De episcopis italiae ad insularum adjacentium, ed. Ferdinando Ughelli, 9 vols. (Rome, 1644-62; revised edition in 10 volumes, Venice, 1717-22; reprint, 1970); Ludovico Muratori, et al. (eds.), Rerum italicarum scriptores ab anno aerae christianae quingentesimo ad millesimum quingentesimum, 25 vols. in 28 (Milan, 1723-1751); G. Carducci and V. Fiorini, Rerum italicarum scriptores. Racolta deglli storici italiani dal cinquecento al millecinquecento [revised edition of previous known as the "New Muratori"] (Cittá di Castello and Bologna, 1900-present); Fonti per storia d'Italia (Rome, 1887-present); Regesta chartarum Italiae, 32 volumes (Rome, 1907-present). For monasticism in Italy see Monasticon Italiae, 3 vols. (Cesena, 1981-present). (1: Rome and Latium; 2: Abruzzo and Molise; 3: Apulia and Basilicata; 4: Calabria and Campania [in preparation]; 5: Peidmont, Val d'Aosta, Lombardy, and Liguria [in preparation]; 6: Veneto and Istria [in preparation]). See also Giuseppe Cacciamani, Atlante storico-geografico dei Benedettini d'Italia (Rome, 1967). and Placido Lugano (ed.), L'Italia benedettina (Rome, 1929).
Iberia: España sagrada, eds. Enrique Florez, et al., 58 vols. (Madrid, 1747-1954); Portugaliae Monumenta historica a saeculo octavo post Christum usque ad quintum decimum, 6 volumes (Lisbon, 1856-97); Leao di Santo Thomaz, Benedictina Lusitana, 2 vols. (Coimbra, 1644-51).
France: Gallia christiana, second edition, 16 volumes (Paris, 1715-1785); Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al., 24 volumes (Paris, 1738-1833; reedition, 1896-1904). Also texts published in Chartes et diplômes relatifs à l'Histoire de France; Collection des documents inédits relatifs à l'Histoire de France; Classiques de l'Histoire de France au Moyen Age.
Germany and Empire: Monumenta Germaniae historica (Hannover and Berlin, 1826-present). The Germania sacra, 3 vols. in 5 (Berlin, 1929-41) and Germania sacra. Neue Folge, 28 vols. (Berlin, 1962-present) also contain material of interest. For monasticism in Germany, Germania Benedictina is a planned eleven volume series of which two have appeared: Josef Hemmerle, Die Benediktiner-klöster in Bayern (Germania Benedictina, 2; Augsburg, 1970) and Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Bremen (Germania Benedictina, 11; St. Ottilien, 1984). See also Germania Monastics Klosterverzeichnis der deutschen Benediktiner und Cisterzienser (Salzburg, 1917; reprint, Augsburg, 1967).
England and Ireland: Rerum britannicarum medii aevi scriptores (Rolls Series), 99 volumes in 253 (London, 1858-1896). An important set of monastic sources may be found in William Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum: A History of the Abbies and other Monasteries, Hospitals, Frieries, and Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, with the Dependencies, in England and Wales, enlarged edition by John Caley, Henry Ellis and Bulkeley Bandinel, 6 vols. in 8 (original, 1655-73; London, 1817-30 and 1846). The equivalent for Ireland is Mervyn Archdall, Monasticon Hibernicum: or, A History of the Abbeys, Priories, and Other Religious Houses in Ireland, revised edition by Patrick Moran, 2 vols. (original, 1744; Dublin, 1873-6). Also see texts published by the Camden Society, the Early English Text Society, Nelson's Medieval Texts, and Oxford Medieval Texts.
Byzantium and the Latin east: , 50 volumes (Bonn, 1828-97); Corpus fontium historiae byzantinae (Washington and Berlin, 1967-present); Recueil des historiens des Croisades: Historiens occidentaux, 5 vols. (Paris, 1841-95).
The volumes of the Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental each considers a separate genre of medieval primary source. They provide essential guidance. Some of the many volumes relevant to the history of Christianity include: Guy Philippart, Les légendiers latins et autres manuscrits hagiographiques (Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental, 24-25; Turnhout, 1977); Jacques Dubois, Les martyrologes du moyen âge latin (Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental, 26; Turnhout, 1978); Martin Heinzelmann, Translationsberichte und andere quellen des Reliquienkultes (Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental, 33; Turnhout, 1979); Michel Sot, Gesta episcoporum, Gesta abbatum (Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental, 37; Turnhout, 1981); J. Richard, Les récits de voyages et de pèlerinages (Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental, 38; Turnhout, 1981); C. Bremond, Jacques Le Goff, Jean-Claude Schmitt, L'exemplum (Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental, 40; Turnhout, 1982).
One recent work deserves mention on its own. Jacques Berlioz, et al. (eds.), Identifier sources et citations (L'atelier du médiéviste, 1; Turnhout, 1994) [organized into chapters by type of source] provides orientation to the research who is trying to determine the source for quotations and references made within medieval sources. It is a remarkably detailed and useful guidebook for the advanced student.
There are several useful general surveys of secondary literature. Louis John Paetow, A Guide to the Study of Medieval History, second revised edition (London, 1932) remains, although necessarily dated, still useful as the most ambitious bibliographical (and implicitly historiographical) synoptic survey of medieval studies ever undertaken; this has been revised and updated by Gray Boyce as Literature of Medieval History, 1930-1975, 5 volumes (Millwood, NY, 1981) in a work that is far more comprehensive and, although less intellectually compelling and extremely frustrating in its organization, quite useful. Also useful is E. V. Crosby, C. J. Bishko, and R. L. Kellogg, Medieval Studies: A Bibiliographical Guide (New York: Garland, 1983). For recent periodical literature, see the topical index provided by the International Medieval Bibliography. For useful guides to recent secondary literature in French: Michel Balard (ed.), L'histoire médiéval en France: Bilan et perspectives (Paris: Editions de Seuil, 1991) and Bibliographie de l'histoire médiévale en France (1965-1990) (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1992). The former is a set of historiographical essays, while the latter provides a series of topical bibliographies. They are not limited to work on France. One series also deserves mention here: the Toronto Medieval Bibliographies provide guidance to the secondary literature on a wide variety of topics (1: Old Norse and Icelandic Studies, ed. Hans Bekker-Nielson; 2: Old English Literature, ed. Fred Robinson; 3: Medieval Rhetoric, ed. James Murphy; 4: Medieval Music: The Sixth Liberal Art, ed. Andrew Hughes; 5: Medieval Celtic Literature, ed. Rachel Bromwich; 6: Medieval Monasticism, ed. Giles Constable; 7: La Littérature occitane du moyen âge, ed. Robert Taylor; 8: Medieval Latin Paleography, ed. Leonard Boyle; 9: Medieval Latin Liturgy, ed. Richard Pfaff).
Biblical: Bruce Metzger and Michael Coogan (eds.), The Oxford Companion to the Bible (Oxford, 1993); Robert McNally, The Bible in the Early Middle Ages (Atlanta, 1959); Patarick McGurk, Latin Gospel Books from A.D. 400 to A.D. 800 (Les Publications de Scriptorium, 5; Paris, 1961); André Vernet, La bible au moyen âge: Bibliographie (Paris, 1989); Henri de Lubac, Exégèse médiévale: Les quatre sens de l'Ecriture, 2 volumes in 4 (Paris, 1959-64); Friedrich Stegmüller, Repertorium biblicum medii aevi, 11 volumes (Madrid, 1940-80); Klaus Reinhart and Horacio Santiago-Otero, Biblioteca biblica ibérica medieval (Madrid, 1986); David Norton, A History of the Bible as Literaure: Volume 1, From the Beginnings to Jerome (Cambridge, 1993); The Cambridge History of the Bible, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1963-70) (particularly: G. W. H. Lampe, The Cambridge History of the Bible: The West from the Fathers to the Reformation [1969]); Pierre Riché and Guy Lobrichon (eds.), Le Moyen Age et la Bible (Bible de tous les temps, 4; Paris, 1984); André Vernet, La bible au moyen âge: Bibliopgraphie (Paris, 1989).
Patristic: Eligius Dekkers, Clavis patrum latinorum, second edition (Steenbrugge, 1961) and M. Geerard, Clavis patrum graecorum (Turnhout, 1974-83). See also J. Machielsen (ed.), Clavis patristica pseudepigraphorum medii aevi, I: Homiletica, 2 vols. (Turnhout: Brepols, 1990) and Clavis patristica pseudepigraphorum medii aevi, II: Theologica, exegetica, ascetica, monastica, 2 vols. (Turnhout: Brepols, 1994).
Church councils: Charles Joseph von Hefele, Histoire des conciles d'après les documents originaux, trans. and augmented by Henri Leclercq 11 vols. (Paris, 1907-49); Paul Fournier and Gabriel Le Bras, Histoire des collections canoniques en occident depuis les Fausses Décrétales jusqu'au Décret de Gratien, 2 vols. (Paris, 1931-32); Carlo de Clercq, La Legislation réligieuse franque. Etude sur les actes des conciles et les capitulaires, les statuts diocésains et les règles monastiques, 2 vols. (Louvain, 1936 and Antwerp, 1958); Catherine Cubitt, Anglo-Saxon Church Councils c.650-c.850 (Leicester, 1993); Horst Fuhrmann, Einfluss und Verbreitung der pseudoisidoischen Fälschungen. Von ihrem Auftauchen bis in die neuere Zeit, 3 vols. (MGH, Studien, 24; Stuttgart, 1972-4). A very important series is currently appearing: Konziliengeschichte, Reihe A, Darstellungen: José Orlandis, Die Synoden auf der Iberischen Halbinsel bis zum Einbruch des Islam (711) (Paderborn, 1981) [ST: Historia de los concilios de la España roman y visigoda (Pamplona, 1986)]; Odette Pontal, Die Synoden im Merowingerreich (Paderborn, 1986) [FT: Histoire des conciles mérovingiens (Paris, 1989)]; Wilifried Hartmann, Die Synoden der Karolingerzeit im Frankenreich und in Italien (Paderborn, 1989); Heinz Wolter, Die Synoden im Reichsgebiet und in Reichsitalien von 916 bis 1056 (Paderborn, 1988); Hanna Vollrath, Die Synoden Englands bis 1066 (Paderborn, 1985); Lothar Waldmüller, Die Synoden in Dalmatien, Kroatien und Ungarn: von der Völkerwanderung bis zum Ende der Arpadan (1311) (Paderborn, 1987); Johannes Frohe, Synoden im Bereich der Frone Aragon von 1418 bis 1429 (Paderborn, 1991).
Papal acts. The traditional indices are: Phillipe Jaffé with Samuel Loewenfeld (eds.), Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, second edition, Wilhelm Wattenbach, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1885-8); A. Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum inde ab a. post Christum natum 1198 ad a. 1304, 2 volumes (Leipzig, 1874-5). Other guides: Albert Brackman, Papsturkunden (Leipzig, 1914); Leo Santifaller, "Neuere editionen mittelalterlicher Königs und Papsturkunden," Mitteilungen der Wiener Diplomata-Abteilung der Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 6 (1958), pp. 63 ff. and Urkundenforschung. Methoden, Ziele, Ergebnisse, second edition (1967); Hubert Stadler, Papste und Konzilien: Kirchengeschichte und Weltgeschichte, Personnen, Eneignisse, Begriffe (Dusseldorf, 1983); Thomas Freuz, Paptsurkunden des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (Historische Grundwissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen, 2; Stuttgart, 1986).
Canon law: Jean Gaudemet, Les sources du droit de l'église en occident du IIe au XIIe siècle (Paris, 1985). See also, Alfons Maria Stickler, Historia iuris canonici Latini: 1. Historia fontium (Turin, 1950) and Willibald Plöchl, Geschichte des Kirchenrechts, (volume 2; Vienna, 1955).
Monasticism. The standard guide to monasteries is Laurent Cottineau, Répertoire topo-bibliographique des abbayes et prieurés, 3 vols. (Mâcon, 1939-70). For general bibliographical guidance to secondary literature, see Giles Constable, Medieval Monasticism: A Select Bibliography (Toronto Medieval Bibliographies, 6; Toronto, 1976). Some useful overviews include: David Knowles, Christian Monasticism (New York, 1969); Marcel Pacaut, Les ordres monastiques et religieux au Moyen Age (Paris, 1970); C. N. L. Brooke and Wim Swaan, The Monastic World, 1000-1300 (London, 1974); C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism. Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London, 1984). A superb introduction to monastic spirituality is offered by Jean Leclercq, The Love of Learning and the Desire for God. A Study of Monastic Culture, trans. Catharine Misrahi, second edition (New York: 1977). For general guides to monastic cartularies, see: Hermann Oesterley, Wegweiser durch die Literatur der Urkunden Sammlungen, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1885-8); Henri Stein, Bibliographie générale des cartulaires français ou relatifs à l'histoire de France (Manuels de bibliographie historique, 4; Paris, 1907); Godfrey Davis, Medieval Cartularies of Great Britain (London, 1958). The basic editions of monastic customaries are Bruno Albers, Consuetudines Monasticae, 5 vols. (Stuttgart, 1911-12) and Kassius Hallinger (ed.), Corpus consuetudinum monasticarum (Siegburg, 1963-present). On the myriad fo questions concerning monastic property Emile Lesne, Histoire de la propriété ecclésiastique en France, 6 vols. (Mémoires et travaux publiée par des professeurs de la faculté Catholique de Lille; Lille and Paris, 1910-45) remains an essential reference.
Hagiography. An ambitious general guide to hagiographic sources is currently being published: Hagiographies. Histoire internationale de la littérature hagiographique, latine et vernaculaire, en Occident, des origines à 1550, ed. Guy Philippart, 4 vols. (Turnhout: Brepols, 1994-present).Lists of vitae: Eligius Dekkers, "Vitae Sanctorum," Clavis Patrum Latinorum (Sacris Erudiri, 3; Bruges and The Hague, 1951), pp. 357-84 (organized geographically; covers roughly from the Acts of the Martyrs to Bede; based largely on the BHL); "Biographies spirituelles," Dictionnaire de spiritualité, (Paris, 1937-present), 1:1646-78 (organized by century). Sources from Francia: Ferdinand Lot, et al., "Vitae, Passiones, Miracula, Translationes sanctorum Galliae (500-1000)," Archivum latinitatis medii aevi, 14 (1939), pp. 183-225) and "Vitae, Passiones, Miracula, Translationes sanctorum Galliae necnon alia opera hagiographica saeculum XI in Gallia exarata (a. 1000-1108)," Archivum latinitatis medii aevi, 18 (1943), pp. 5-39. Sources from modern Belgium: Index Scriptorum operumque latino-belgicorum medii aevi: Nouveau Répertoire des oeuvres médiolatines belges, eds. Léopold Genicot and P. Tombeur, 3 vols. in 4 (1973-present). Contains separate listing of hagiographic souces from the seventh through the twelfth centuries. Sources from Celtic lands: Michael Lapidge and Richard Sharpe, A Bibliography of Celtic-Latin Literature, 400-1200 (Dublin, 1985). Lists of canonization processus: André Vauchez, "Les procès de canonisation," in La sainteté en occident aux derniers siècles du moyen âge d'après les procès de canonisation et les documents hagiographiques (Rome, 1981), pp. 655-65. (Organized first by sub-genre and then chronologically.) Lives in Byzantium and the Latin east: J. W. Nesbit, "A geographical and chronological guide to Greek saints' lives," Orientalia christiana periodica, 35 (1969), 24-46; Charles Kohler, "Rerum et Personarum quae in Actis Sanctorum Bollandistis et Analectis Bollandianis obvie ad orientem latinum spectant. Index Analiticus," in Revue de L'orient latin, 5 (1897), pp. 460-561. Lists of relic translations: Henri Fros, "Liste des translations et inventions de l'époque carolingienne," Analecta Bollandiana, 104 (1986), pp. 427-9 and Patrick Geary, "Handlist of Relic Thefts (ca. 800-ca. 1100)," in Furta Sacra. Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages (Princeton, 1978; second edition 1990), pp. 149-56. Both are organized alphabetically by saint. Old French: Paul Meyer, "Légendes hagiographiques en français," Histoire littéraire de France, vol. 33 (Paris, 1906), pp. 328-458 and Robert Bossuat, Manuel bibliographique de la littérature française du Moyen Age, one volume with three supplements (Paris, 1951-86), consult indices under "saint." Also see Jean-Pierre Perrot, Le passionaire français au moyen âge (Publications Romanes et Françaises, 200; Geneva, 1992). Old Provençal: Clovis Brunel, Bibliographie des manuscrits littéraires en ancien provençal (Paris, 1935). Middle English: Charlotte d'Evelyn and Frances Foster, "Saints' Legends," in A Manual of Writings in Middle English 1050-1500, ed. J. Burke Sevens (New Haven, 1970), 2:410-81 and 553-649. Anglo-Norman: M. Thiry-Stassin, "L'hagiographie en Anglo-Normand," in Hagiographies. Histoire internationale de la littérature hagiographique, latine et vernaculaire, en Occident, des origines à 1550, ed. Guy Philippart, 4 vols. (Turnhout: Brepols, 1994-present), 1: 407-28. Old Irish: C. Plummer, "A Tentative Catalogue of Irish Hagiography," in idem, Miscellanea Hagiographica Hibernica (Subsidia Hagiographica, 15; Brussels, 1925), pp. 171-285. Also see Pierre Grosjean, "Hagiographica celtica," Analecta Bollandiana, 55 (1937), 96-108, and for Hiberno-Latin, see Michael Lapidge and Richard Sharpe, A Bibliography of Celtic-Latin Literature, 400-1200 (Dublin, 1985). Scandinavian: Ole Widding, Hans Bekker-Nielsen, and Laurence Shook, "The Lives of the Saints in Old Norse Prose: A Handlist," Mediaeval Studies, 25 (1963), pp. 294-337; Margaret Cormack, The Saints in Iceland: Their Veneration from the Conversion to 1400 (Subsidia Hagiographica, 78; Brussels, 1994).
Pilgrimage: Linda Kay Davidson and Maryjane Dunn-Wood (eds.), Pilgrimage in the Middle Ages: A Research Guide (Garland Medieval Bibliograpies, 16; New York: Garland, 1993); Maryjane Dunn and Linda Kay Davidson (eds.), The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela: A Comprehensive Bibliography (Garland Medieval Bibliograpies, 18; New York: Garland, 1994).
Diplomatic sources [royal acts and charters]: A. Giry, Manuel de diplomatique (Paris, 1894; reprint, Paris, 1925; reprint, New York, 1972); A. de Boüard, Manuel de diplomatique française et pontificale, 3 volumes (Paris, 1929-52); Harry Bresslau, Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien, (Berlin, 1889; second edition in 2 volumes, Leipzig, 1912-31; index by H. Schulze, Berlin, 1960); Georges Tessier, Diplomatique royale française (Paris, 1962); Olivier Guyotjeanin, Jacques Pycke, and Benoît-Michel Tock, Diplomatique médiéval (L'atelier du médiéviste, 2; Turnhout, 1993).
Italy: U. Balzani, Le cronache italiane nel medio evo, third edition (Milan, 1909); Paolo Cammarosano, Italia medievale: Strutture e geografia delle fonti scritte (Rome: La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1992).
Iberia: Manuel Diaz y Diaz, Index Scriptorum Latinorum Medii Aevi Hispanorum, 2 volumes (Salamanca, 1958-59); A. H. de Oliveira Marques, Guia do estudiante de historia medieval Portuguese (Lisbon, 1960); M. A. Valle Cintra, Bibliografia de textos medievais portugueses (Lisbon, 1960).
France: Auguste Molinier, Les sources de l'histoire de france des origines aux guerres d'Italie (Paris, 1901-6). This work is presently being updated in: Robert Fawtier, et al. (eds.), Les sources de l'histoire de France des origines à la fin du XVe siècle (Paris, 1971-present). The only volume of this work which has been published so far, however, is: P.-M. Duval, La Gaule jusqu'au milieu du Ve siècle, 2 vols. (Paris, 1971). The Histoire littéraire de la France (1733-present) can be useful on some subjects. On charters, see Henri Stein, Bibliographie générale des cartulaires français ou relatifs à l'histoire de France (Manuels de bibliographie historique, 4; Paris, 1907). On early narrative sources, see the extremely useful, but maddeningly incomplete, catalogues compiled by Ferdinand Lot, et al., "Index Scriptorum Operumque Latino-Gallicorum Medii Aevi (500-1000)," Archivum latinitatis medii aevi, 14 (1939), pp. 113-230 and "Index Scriptorum Operumque Latino-Gallicorum Medii Aevi, saeculum XI (1000-1108)," Archivum latinitatis medii aevi, 16 (1941), pp. 5-59. These are being slowly replaced by the following series: M.-H. Jullien and F. Perelman (eds.), Clavis Scriptorum Latinorum Medii Aevi Sectio I: Auctores Galliae Pars I: 735-987 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1994). For monasticism in France, the classic guide is Jean-Martial Besse, et al. (eds.), Abbayes et prieurés de l'ancienne France (Paris, 1905-present). The earlier volumes appeared as numbers of the serial Archives de la France monastique (1: Paris; 2: Aix, Arles, Avignon, Embrun; 3: Bordeaux; 4: Albi, Narbonne, Toulouse; 5: Bourges; 6: Sens; 7: Rouen; 8: Tours; 9: Vienne; 10-12: Lyon; 14: Arras; 16-17: Reims; 18: Beauvais.) . The work is an improved edition of Charles Beaunier (ed.), Recueil historique, chronologique, et topographique des archevechez, evêchez, abbayes, et prieurez de France, 2 vols. (Paris, 1726).
Germany and the empire: Wilhelm Wattenbach and Wilhelm Levison, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter, Vorzeit und Karolinger, 6 vols. (Weimar, 1952-1990); Wilhelm Wattenbach and Robert Holtzmann, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter: Die Zeit der Sachsen und Salier, revised by Franz-Josef Schmale, 3 vols. (Darmstadt, 1967-71); Wilhelm Wattenbach and Franz-Josef Schmale, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter. Vom Tode Kaiser Heinrichs II. bis zum Ende des Interregnum (Darmstadt, 1976) [note: only the first volume of this ongoing project has appears]; Oswald Lorenz, Deutchslands Geschichtsquellen im mittelalterlichen Seit der Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1886-7); H. Vildhaut, Handbuch der quellenkunde zur deutschen Geschichte vom fall der Staufer bis zum Auftreten des humanismus, second edition, 2 volumes (Werl, 1906-9); Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann and Georg Waitz, Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte: Bibliographie der Quellen und der Literatur zur deutschen Geschichte, tenth edition, ed. Hermann Heimpel and Herbert Geuss (Stuttgart, 1965-present); A. Lhotsky, Quellenkunde zur mittelalterlichen österrreichischen Geschichte (Graz, 1963); J.-L. Santschy, Manuel de bibliographie générale de l'histoire suisse (Bern, 1961).
Central and Eastern Europe: Karl Bosl (ed.), Handbuch der Geschichte der böhmischen Länder, 2 volumes (Stuttgart, 1967-74); H. Zeisberg, Die polnische Geschichstsschreibung des Mittelalters (Leipzig, 1873; reprint, 1968); P. David, Les sources de l'histoire de Pologne à l'époque des Piasts (983-1386) (Paris, 1934); C. A. Macartney, The Medieval Hungarian Historians: A Critical and Analytical Guide (Cambridge, 1953); A. F. Gombos, Catalogus fontium historiae Hungariae 800-1301, 3 volumes (Budapest, 1937-43); Georgius Györffy, et al. (eds.), Diplomata Hungariae antiquissima (accedunt epistolae et acta ad historiam Hungariae pertinentia), 1: Ab anno 1000 usque ad annum 1131 (Budapest, 1992).
Low countries: Léopold Genicot and Paul Tombeur (eds.), Index Scriptorum Operumque Latino-Belgicorum medii Aevi. Nouveau répertoire des oeuvres mediolatines belges, 5 volumes (Brussels, 1973-79); H. de Buck, Bibliografie der geschiedenis van nederland, second ed. (Utrecht, 1979); Henri Pirenne, Bibliographie de l'histoire de Belgique, third ed. (Brussels, 1931). The basic guide to monasticism is provided by Ursmer Berlière, Monasticon Belge, 7 vols. in 20 fasicles (original edition, 1890; revised edition, Bruges, 1955-1992) [I: Provinces de Namur et de Hainaut, 2 parts (1961). II: Province de Liège, three parts (1955-62). III: Province de Flandre occidentale, 4 parts (1960-78). IV: Province de Brabant, 6 parts (1964-92). V: Province de Luxembourg (1975). VI: Province de Limbourg (1976). VII: Province de Flandre orientale, 3 parts (1978-80)] and Michael Schoengen, Monasticon batavum, 3 vols. and supplement (Verhendelignen der Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, new series, 45; Amsterdam, 1941-2) [1: Franciscans; 2: Augustinians; 3: Benedictines]. Also see Edouard Michel, Abbayes et monastères de Belgique (Brussels, 1923).
England: Thomas D. Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue of Materials Relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland, to the End of the Reign of Henry VII (1862-71; reprint, 1964 ff.); Edgar Graves, A Bibliography of English History to 1485 (Oxford, 1975). Also see the Bibliographical Handbooks published by the Conference on British Studies: Volume 1: Anglo-Norman England: 1066-1145, ed. Michael Altschul (London, 1969); Volume 2: 1145-1377, ed. Bruce Wilkinson (London); Volume 3: 1377-1485, ed. D. Guth (London, 1978). Also see Antonia Gransden, Historical Writing in England, 2 volumes (London, 1974-82). Excellent annual bibliographies of Anglo-Saxon studies arranged by subjects may be found in the numbers of Anglo-Saxon England. For vernacular literature, see J. Burke Severs (ed.), A Manual of the Writings in Middle English, 1050-1500 (New Haven), as well as the relevant volumes of The Cambridge History of English Literature, ed. A. W. Ward, 15 vols. (Cambridge, 1907-27) and The Oxford History of English Literature, ed. F. P. Wilson, et al. (Oxford, 1945-present). For guides to monasticism in England, see David Knowles and Richard Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religion Houses: England and Wales, second edition (London, 1971); David Knowles, The Heads of Religious Houses: England and Wales, 940-1216 (Cambridge, 1972) Alison Binns, Dedications of Monastic Houses in England and Wales, 1066-1216 (London, 1989). Several excellent maps of monasticism in England exist: Alice Ryan, A Map of Old English Monasteries and Related Ecclesiastical Foundations, AD 400-1066 (Ithaca, NY, 1939) and Map of Monastic Britain published by the Ordnance Survey, second edition, 2 sheets (Chessington, 1954-6 and reprints).
Celtic lands: Michael Lapidge and Richard Sharpe, A Bibliography of Celtic-Latin Literature, 400-1200 (Dublin, 1965). Also see J. F. Kenney, The Sources for the Early History of Ireland: An Introduction and Guide, Volume I: Ecclesiastical (New York, 1929; reprint, 1966); Kathleen Hughes, Early Christian Ireland (The Sources of History; London, 1972); R. Ian Jack, Medieval Wales (The Sources of History; London, 1972); A. O. Anderson, Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500-1286, 2 volumes (Edinburgh, 1922); B. Webster, Scotland from the Eleventh Century to 1603 (The Sources of History; London, 1975). On monasticism, see Aubrey Gwynn and Richard Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religion Houses: Ireland (London, 1970) and I. B. Cowan and David Easson, Medieval Religion Houses: Scotland, second edition (London, 1976).
Byzantium and the Christian east: F. Dölger, Byzantinische Diplomatik (Ettal, 1956); K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Literature von Justinian bis zum Ende des Ostroemischen Reiches, 527-1453, second edition (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, IX, 1; Munich, 1897); H. G. Beck, Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, XII, 2 and 3; Munich, 1971); H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, 2 volumes (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft, XII, 5; Munich, 1978); J. Karayannopulos and G. Weiss. Quellenkunde zur Geschichte von Byzanz (324-1453) (Wiesbaden, 1982); A. S. Atiya, The Crusades: Historiogrphay and Bibliography (Bloomington, 1962); Hans Eberhard Meyer, Bibliographie zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (Hanover, 1960); R. Auty and Dmitri Obolensky (eds.), Introduction to Russian Language and Literature (Cambridge, 1977); G. Podskalsky, Christentum und theologische Literatur in der Kiever Rus' (988-1237) (Munich, 1982); O. Mazal, Manuel d'études byzantines (Turnhout: Brepols, 1994).
Economic history: The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, Volumes 1-3, ed. M. M. Postan, et al. (Cambridge, 1956-63); Robert-Henri Bautier and J. Sonnay, Les sources de l'histoire économique et sociale du moyen âge (Paris, 1984).
Liturgical sources: Richard Pfaff, Medieval Latin Liturgy: A Select Bibliography (Toronto, 1982); Cyrille Vogel, Medieval Liturgy: An Introduction to the Sources, trans. William Storey and Niels Krogh Rasmussen (Washington, DC, 1986); John Harper, The Forms and Orders of Western Liturgy from the Tenth to the Eighteenth Century: A Historical Introduction and Guide for Students and Musicians (Oxford, 1991).
Guides to topoi: E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Miracles: Imitative, Realistic, and Dogmatic (Philadelphia, 1884; reprint Detroit, 1966); Stith Thompson, Motif-Index of Folk-Literature, revised edition (Bloomington, 1955-58); Frederic Tubach, Index exemplorum: A Handbook of Medieval Religious Tales (Helsinki, 1969).
For guidance to the translations of medieval sources, see C. D. Farrar and A. P. Evans, Bibliography of English Translations from Medieval Sources (New York, 1946); updated by M. A. H. Ferguson as Bibliography of English Translations from Medieval Sources, 1964-67 (New York, 1974).
Concise dictionaries. Standard single volume dictionary of medieval latin: Mediae latinitatis lexicon minus, ed. J. F. Niermeyer, with C. Van de Kieft (Leiden, 1976). Provides English and French. Other brief dictionaries: A Latin Dictionary, eds. Charlton Lewis and Charles Short (Oxford, 1879 and reprints); Oxford Latin Dictionary, ed. P. G. W. Glare, 2 volumes (Oxford, 1968-82); Mittellateinisches Glossar, eds. Edwin Habel and Friedrich Gröbel, second edition (Paderborn, 1989).
Dictionaries based on regional sources: Italy: Latinitatis italicae medii aevi inde ab anno 476 usque ad annum 1022 lexicon imperfectum, eds. Francesco Arnaldi, Maria Turiani and Pasquale Smiraglia, 4 vols. in 3 (Milan, 1939-64), with two volumes of addenda published by Pasquale Smiraglia (Brussels, 1978). England: Medieval Latin Word List from British and Irish Sources, eds. J. H. Baxter and Charles Johnson (Oxford, 1934); revised edition, Revised Medieval Latin Word List from British and Irish Sources, ed. R. E. Latham et al. (Oxford, 1965). A new version is in preparation: Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. R. E. Latham et al. (London, 1975-present). Low Countries: Lexicon latinitatis Nederlandicae Medii Aevi, eds. Johan Wilhelmus Fuchs, with Olga Weijers and Marijke Gumbert-Hepp, 4 volumes to date [to F] (Leiden, 1977-present). Scandinavia: Novum glossarium mediae latinitatis ab a. DCCC usque ad a. MCC (Copenhagen, 1957-present); Lexicon mediae latinitatis Danicae, ed. Bente Friis Johanses, et al., new edition by Franz Blatt, four fasicles to date (Arhus, 1987-present). Hungary: Lexicon latinitatis medii aevi hungariae (Budapest, 1987).
Dictionaries of ecclesiastical Latin: Dictionnaire latin-français des auteurs chrétiens, ed. Albert Blaise (Turnhout, 1954; reprint, 1967); an updated and enlarged version in Dictionnaire latin-français des auteurs du moyen âge: Lexicon latinitatis medii aevi, praesertim ad res ecclesiasticas investigandas pertinens, ed. Albert Blaise (Turnhout, 1975).
Latin place names: Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, original edition by J. G. H. Graesse, reedited by H. Plechl and S.-C. Plechl, 3 volumes (Berlin, 1909; reprint, 1972).
For guidance to the terminology of the foregoing lexigraphical sources: Olga Weijers, Dictionnaires et répertoires au moyen âge: Une étude du vocabulaire (Turnhout, 1991).
Wordbooks: Charles Martin, The Record Interpreter: A Collection of Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names Used in English Historical Manuscirpts and Records, second edition (London, 1910; reprint, Hildesheim, 1969); Renate Klauser and Otto Meyer, Clavis mediaevalis: Kleines Wörterbuch der Mittelalterforschung (Wiesbaden, 1962); Pierre Bonassie, Les cinquantes mots clefs de l'histoire médiévale (Paris, 1981; reprint, 1990); E. A. Gooder, Latin for Local History. An Introduction (London, 1961). Brief discussions of some major technical terms may be found in: R. Klauser and O. Meyer, Clavis mediaevalis. Kleines Wörterbuch der Mittelalterforschung (Wiesbaden, 1962); Pierre Bonnassie, Les cinquante mots clefs de l'histoire médiévale (Toulouse: Privat, 1990); Peter Dinzelbacher, Sächwörterbuch der Mediävistik (Stuttgart, 1992).
Specialized vocabularies: Thesaurus poeticus linguae latinae ou Dictionnaire prosodique et poétique de la langue latine, ed. Louis Marie Quicherat, 31st edition (Paris, 1922; reprint, Hildesheim, 1967); Lateinische Rechtsregeln und Rechtssprichwörter, ed. Detlef Liebs, with Hannes Lehmann and Gallus Strobel, third edition (Munich, 1983); Rolf Lieberwirth, Latein im Recht, second edition (Berlin, 1988); J. A. Ankum and A. S. Hartkamp, Romeinsrechtelijk handwoordenboek (Zwolle, 1973); Richard Muller, Dictionary of Latin and Greek Theological Terms: Drawn Principally from Protestant Scholastic Theology(Grand Rapids, MI, 1985); Sven Lundström, Lexicon errorum interpretum Latinorum (Uppsala, 1983) [common errors made in translating Greek into Latin]; D. Gledhill, The Names of Plants (Cambridge, 1985); Glossarium eroticum linguae latinae, ed. A. F. and P. Dondey Dupré (Paris, 1826).
Etymological guides: Lexicon der lateinischen wortformen, ed. Karl Ernst Georges (Leipzig, 1890); Giovanni Alessio, Lexicon etymologicum: supplemento ai Dizionari etimologici latini e romanzi, ed. A. Landi (Naples, 1976); Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: Histoire des mots, ed. A. Ernout and A. Meillet, fourth edition with additions and corrections by Jacques André (Paris, 1985).
Latin philology and grammar: Albert Blaise, Manuel du latin chrétien (Strasbourg, 1955) and Le Vocabulaiare latin (1955); Karl Strecker, Introduction to Medieval Latin, trans. and ed. R. Palmer, third edition (Berlin, 1965); D. Norbert, Manuel pratique du latin médiéval (Paris, 1968); M. R. P. McGuire, Introduction to Mediaeval Latin Studies: A Syllabus and Bibliographical Guide, second edition with H. Dressler (Washington, 1977); V. Vaananen, Introduction au latin vulgaire, 3 ed. (Paris, 1981).
Paleography: Jacques Stiennon, Paléographie du Moyen Age (Paris, 1973); Bernhard Bischoff, Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, trans. D. O Croinin and David Ganz (German original, 1979; ET, Cambridge, 1990); Michelle Brown, A Guide to Western Historical Scripts from Antiqity to 1600 (Toronto, 1990).
Abbreviations: Adriano Cappelli, Lexicon abbreviaturarum: Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane, sixth edition (Milan, 1987); supplement in Auguste Pelzer, Abbréviations latines médiévales: Supplément au Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane de Adriano Cappelli, second edition (Louvain, 1966); ET as The Elements of Abbreviation in Medieval Latin Paleography, trans. David Heimann and Richard Kay (Lawrence, KA, 1982). See also Joannes Hulákovsky, Abbreviaturae vocabulorum usitatae in scripturis praecipue latinis mediiaevi, tum etiam slavicis et germanicis (Prague, 1852; reprint, Munich, 1988); Maurice Prou, Manuel de paléographie latine et française du VIe au XVIIe siècle, suivi d'un dictionnaire des abréviations, fourth edition (Paris, 1924); W. M. Lindsay, Notae latinae: An Account of Abbreviations in Latin Mss of the Early Minuscule Period (C. 700-850) (Cambridge, 1915); Doris Bains, A Supplement to Notae Latinae: Abbreviations in Latin MSS of 850 to 1050 A.D. (Cambridge, 1936); Luigi Schiaparelli, La scrittura latina nell'età romana (Como, 1921); M.-H. Laurent, De abbreviationibus et signis scripturae gothicae (Rome, 1939).
Tironian notes: Ferdinand Ruess, Die Kasseler Handschrift der Tironischen Noten samt Exgänzungen aus der Wolfenbüttler Handschrift (Leipzig, 1914); Emile Chatelain, Introduction à la cecture des Notes Tironiennes (Paris, 1900); Ulrich Kopp, Lexicon Tironianum: Nachdruck aus Kopps "Palaeographica Critica" von 1817 mit Nachwort und einem Alphabetum Tironianum von Bernhard Bishchoff (Osnabrück, 1965).
Punctuation: J. Moreau-Marichal, "Recherches sur la ponctuation," Scriptorium, 22 (1968), pp. 56-66; Patrizia Rafti, "L'interpunzione nel libro manoscritto: Mezzo secolo di studi," Scrittura e Civiltà, 12 (1988), pp. 239-98; M. B. Parkes, Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West (Berkeley, 1993).
Numbers: G. F. Hill, The development of Arabic Numerals in Europe (Oxford, 1915).
Editorial marks: J. Bidez and A. B. Drachmann, Emploi des signes critiques, disposition de l'apparat dans les éditions savantes de textes grecs et latins: conseils et recommandations, second edition by A. Delatte and A. Severyns (Paris, 1938); Antoine Dondaine, "Abbréviations latines et signes recommandés pour l'apparat critique des éditions de textes méiévaux," Bulletin de la Société Internationale pour l'Etude de la Philosophie Médiévale, 2 (1960), pp. 142-9; Ettore Falconi, L'Edizione diplomatica del documento e del manoscritto (Parma, 1969).
Bibliographic guidance: Henri Quellet, Bibliographia indicum, lexicorum et concordantiarum auctorum Latinorum: Répertoire bibliographique des index, lexiques et concordances des auteurs latins (Hildesheim, 1980).
Latin place names: Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, original edition by J. G. H. Graesse, reedited by H. Plechl and S.-C. Plechl, 3 volumes (Berlin, 1909; reprint, 1972).
Atlases: K. von Spruner and T. Menke (eds.), Hand-Atlas für Geschichte des Mittelalters und der Neueren Zeit, third edition (Gotha, 1880); Reginald Poole (ed.), Historical atlas of Modern Europe from the decline of the Roman Empire (Oxford, 1902); J. Engel (ed.), Grosser historischer Weltatlas, II: Mittelalter, fourth edition (Munich, 1981); Donald Matthew (ed.), Atlas of Medieval Europe (New York, 1984); Colin McEvedy (ed.), The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History (Harmondsworth, 1992). Also see Norman Pounds, An Historical Geography of Europe (Cambridge, 1990) and the studies of historical mapping collected in Géographie du monde du moyen âge et à la renaissance (Editions du Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques; Paris).
Chronology: Adriano Cappelli, Cronologia, Cronografia e Calendario perpetuo dal principio dell'Era Cristiana ai giorni nostri, sixth edition (Milan, 1906) [reference of first resort]; L'art de vérifier les dates et les faits historiques, fourth edition by N. V. de St. Allais, et al., 44 volumes (Paris, 1818-44) [still very useful]; Reginald Poole, Medieval Reckonings of Time (London, 1918) and The Beginning of the Year in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1921); C. R. Cheney, Handbook of Dates for Students of English History (1945) [more general than its title suggests]; Chronologies of World History: H. E. L. Mellersh, The Ancient World: 10,000 B.C. to A.D. 799; R. L. Storey, The Medieval World: 800-1491; Neville Williams, The Expanding World: 1492-1762; Neville Williams and Philip Waller, The Modern World: 1763-1992; D. Justin Schove and Alan Fletcher, Chronology of Eclipses and Comets AD 1-1000 (Woodbridge).
Late antiquity: Janet Martindale (ed.), The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, 3 vols in 4 [1: A.D. 260-395; 2: 395-527; 3: 527-641] (Cambridge, -1992); Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire: A. Mandouze (ed.), Propopographie de l'Afrique chrétienne, 303-533 (Paris, 1982); H. Ebling, Prosopographie der Amtsträger des Merowingerreiches von Chlothar II. (613) bis Karl Martell (714) (Munich, 1974).
France: Dictionnaire de biographie française, 12 volumes to date (Paris, 1933-present); Dictionnaire topographique de la France comprenant les noms de lieu anciens et modernes, 37 volumes (Paris, 1861-1979); Jacques Boussard (ed.), Atlas historique et culturel de la france (Paris, 1957); Michel Parisse (ed.), Atlas de la France de l'an mil (Paris, 1994); J. Moreau, Dictionnaire de géographie historique de la Gaule et de la France (Paris, 1972); Atlas historique français: le territorie de la France et de quelques pays voisins (1973-present).
England: Dictionary of National Biography, 22 volumes (London, 1921-22); H. C. Darby (ed.), A New Historical Geography of England Before 1600 (Cambridge, 1976); R. A. Dodgshon and R. A. Butlin, An Historical Geography of England and Wales (London, 1978); F. M. Powicke and E. B. Fryde, A Handbook of British Chronology, second edition (London, 1961); K. Harrison, The Framework of Anglo-Saxon History to A. D. 900 (Cambridge, 1976); David Hill, An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon England (Toronto, 1981).
Germany: Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, 56 vols. (Leipzig, 1875-1912); Neue deutsche Biographie (Munishc, 1953-present).
Italy: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (Rome, 1960-present).
Eastern Europe: Philippe Lemarchand (ed.), L'Europe centrale et balkanique. atlas d'histoire politique (Paris, 1995).
Bishops: Series episcoporum ecclesiae catholicae, ed. Pius Bonifacius Gams, second edition (Leipzig, 1885; reprint, Regensburg, 1873); this is currently being reedited in Series episcoporum ecclesiae catholicae occidentalis ab initio usque ad annum MCXCVIII, ed. S. Weinfurter and Odilo Engels, 2 volumes to date (Stuttgart, 1982-present); Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi [1198-1903], ed. C. Eubel, 6 volumes (Regensburg, 1913-58; reprint, 1960); Louis Duchesne, Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne gaule, 3 volumes (Paris, 1900-15); the volumes of Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae (London, 1962-present); Gallia Christiana (as above); Italia Sacra (as above).
Saints: Vies des saints et des bienheureux par les reverends pères bénédictins de Paris, eds. Jules Baudot, Paul Antin, and Jacques Dubois, 13 vols. (Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1935-1959); Bibliotheca Sanctorum, Iosepho Vizzini, et al., 13 vols. (Rome: Istituto Giovanni XXIII, 1961-1970); Histoire des saints et de la sainteté Chrétienne, ed. Francesco Chiovaro et al., 11 vols. (Paris: Hachette, 1986-8); The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, ed. David Farmer, revised edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992); The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, ed. Donald Attwater (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965); The Book of Saints: A Dictionary of Servants of God, compiled by the Benedictine monks of St Augustine's Abbey, Ramsgate, 6th ed. (London and Wilton, CT, 1989).
Women: Anne Echols and Marty Williams (eds.), An Annotated Index of Medieval Women (New York, 1994); A Dictionary of Saintly Women, ed. Agnes Dunbar, 2 vols. (London, 1904-1905).
Guides to ecclesiastical topography. The standard dictionary of Latin place names is Orbis Latinus, ed. J. G. T. Graesse, et al., third edition, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1922; reprint, Budapest, 1972). Some useful atlases are: Reginald Lane Poole, Historical Atlas of Modern Europe from the Decline of the roman Empire (Oxford, 1902); Hubert Jedin, Kenneth Scott Latourette, Jochen Martin, Atlas zur Kirchengeschichte: die christlichen Kirchen in Geschichte und Gegenwart, second edition (Freiburg, 1987), FT: Atlas d'histoire de l'Eglise: Les Eglises chrétiennes hier et aujourd'hui (Paris, 1990). Studies of the development of ecclesastical topography include: Nancy Gauthier and Jean-Charles Picard, Topographie chrétienne des cités de la Gaule des origines au milieu du VIIIe siècle, 8 vols. (Paris, 1983-present); Carlrichard Brühl, Palatium und Civitas. Studien zur Profantopographie spätantiker Civitates vom 3. bis zum 13. Jahrhundert, 2 vols. (Vienna, 1975-90); La cartographie et l'histoire socio-religieuse de l'Europe jusqu'à la fin du XVIIe siècle (Miscellanea Historiae Ecclesiasticae, 5; Louvain, 1974).
Monasteries: Laurent Cottineau, Répertoire topo-bibliographique des abbayes et prieurés, 2 volumes (Mâcon, 1935-7) [An index was added later]; Gallia Christiana (as above); Italia Sacra (as above); David Knowles, Christopher Brooke, J. London, The Heads of Religious Houses, England and Wales, 940-1216 (Cambridge, 1972).
The Pelican History of the Church. 6 vols.: Volume 1. Henry Chadwick, The Early Church (Harmondsworth, 1967); Volume 2. Richard Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, 1970).
The Christian Centuries. 3 vols.: David Knowles and Dimitri Obolensky, The Middle Ages (The Christian Centuries, 2; New York, 1969).
Hubert Jedin (ed.), Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, 7 vols. (Freiburg, 1962-79). ET: Hubert Jedin and John Dolan (eds.), History of the Church, trans. Anselm Biggs, 10 vols. (New York, 1965-81): Volume 2: Karl Baus, Hans-Georg Beck, Eugen Ewig, and Hermann Josef Vogt, The Imperial Church from Constantine to the Early Middle Ages (New York, 1986); Volume 3: Friedrich Kempf, Hans-Georg Beck, Eugen Ewig, and Josef Andreas Jungmann, The Church in the Ages of Feudalism (New York, 1982).
Augustin Fliche and Victor Martin (eds.), Histoire de l'Eglise depuis les origines jusqu'à nos jours, 21 vols. in 24 (Paris, 1934-60): Volume 5: Louis Bréhier and René Aigrain, Grégoire le Grand, les états barbares et la conquête arabe (590-757) (Paris, 1938); Volume 6: Emile Amann, L'époque carolingienne (757-888) (Paris, 1947); Volume 7: Emile Amann and Auguste Dumas, L'eglise au pouvoir des laïques (888-1057) (Paris, 1948); Volume 8: Auguste Fliche, La réforme grégorienne et le reconquête chrétienne (1057-1123) (Paris, 1946); Volume 9: Raymond Foreville and J. Rousset de Pina, Du premier concile du Latran à l'avènement d'Innocent III (1123-1198), 2 vols. (Paris, 1953); Volume 10: Augustin Fliche, Christiane Thouzelier and Yvonne Azais, La Chrétienté romaine (1198-1274) (Paris, 1950); Volume 11: Never completed; Volume 12: Gabriel Le Bras, Institutions ecclésiastiques de la Chrétienté médiévale, 2 vols. (Paris, 1959-64); Volume 13: André Forest, Frederic van Steenberghen, Maurice de Gandillac, Le mouvement doctrinal du XIe au XIVe siècle (Paris, 1951); Volume 14: Etienne Delaruelle, L'Eglise au temps du Grand Schisme et de la crise conciliare (1378-1449) (Paris, 1964); Volume 15. Roger Aubenas and Robert Ricard, L'Eglise et la Renaissance (1449-1517) (Paris, 1951).
J.-M. Mayeur, Charles Pietri, Luce Pietri, André Vauchez, Marc Venard (eds.), Histoire du christianisme des origines à nos jours: Volume 4: Evêques, moines et empereurs (642-1054), ed. Gilbert Dagron, Pierre Riché, and André Vauchez, (Paris, 1993); Volume 5: Apogée de la papauté et expansion de la chrétienté (1054-1274), ed. André Vauchez (Paris, 1993); Volume 6: Un temps d'épreuves (1274-1449), ed. Michel Mollat du Jourdin and André Vauchez (Paris, 1990).
Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, 5 vols. (Chicago, 1971-1989).
Cambridge History of Philosophy: A. H. Armstrong (ed.), The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge, 1970); Peter Dronke (ed.), A History of Twelfth-Century Philosophy (Cambrdige, 1988); Norman Kretzmann, Anthony Kenny, and Jan Pinborg (eds.), The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy (Cambridge, 1982); J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350-c.1450 (Cambridge, 1988); Charles Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, and Eckhard Kessler (eds.), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy (Cambridge, 1988).
Gabriel Le Bras (ed.), Histoire du droit et des institutions de l'Eglise en occident. (Note: the following are the only volumes yet published.): Volume 1: Gabriel Le Bras, Prolégomènes (Paris, 1955); Volume 3: Jean Gaudemet, L'Eglise dans l'Empire romain (IVe-Ve siècles) (Paris, 1958); Volume 7: Gabriel Le Bras, Charles Lefebre, and J. Rambaud, L'âge classique, 1140-1378: Sources et théorie du droit, (Paris, 1965); Volume 8, part 2: Jean Gaudemet, Le Gouvernement de l'église à l'époque classique: Le gouvernement local (Paris, 1979); Volume 10: Jacques Hourlier, L'âge classique, 1140-1378: Les religieux (Paris, 1971).
Histoire de la spiritualité chrétienne. 3 vols. : Volume 2. Jean Leclercq, François Vandenbroucke and Louis Bouyer, La spiritualité du moyen âge (Paris, 1961). ET: The Spirituality of the Middle Ages (New York, 1968).
World Spirituality. An Encyclopedic History of the Religious Quest. 25 vols. : Volume 13. Jewish Spirituality: From the Bible to the Middle Ages (New York, 1986); Volume 15. Clasical Mediterranean Spirituality: Egyptian, Greek, Roman (New York, 1989); Volume 16. Christian Spirituality: Origins to the Twelfth Century (New York, 1988); Volume 17. Christian Spirituality: High Middle Ages and Reformation (New York, 1988); Volume 19. Islamic Spirituality: Foundations.
Also remember the use of such general medieval histories such as: Cambridge Medieval History, ed. Henry Gwatkin, et al., 8 vols. (Cambridge, 1911-36) (note: a new version is currently in preparation.); Robert Fossier (ed.), Le Moyen Age, 3 vols. (Paris, ) (ET: The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages, trans. Janet Sondheimer, 3 vols. [Cambridge, 1989-present]).
Germany: Albert Hauck, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, sixth edition (Leipzig, 1952) (particularly, Volume 2, Die Karolingerzeit; Volume 3, Die Zeit der sächsischen und fränkischen Kaiser).
France: Gabriel Le Bras, Introduction à l'histoire de la pratique religieuse en France, 2 vols. (Paris, 1942-45); Etianne Delaruelle, André Latreille, and Jean-Remy Palanque, Histoire du Catholicisme en France, 3 vols. (Paris, 1957-62); Jacques Le Goff and René Rémond (eds.), Histoire de la France religieuse, 3 vols. (Paris, 1988-present); Victor Carrière, Introduction aux études d'histoire ecclésiastique locale, 3 vols. (Paris, 1934-40); Ferdinand Lot and Robert Fawtier, Histoire des institutions françaises au moyen âge. Tome III: Institutions ecclésiastiques (Paris, 1962).
England: John Godfrey, The Church in Anglo-Saxon England (Cambridge, 1962); Margaret Deanseley, The Pre-Conquest Church in England, second edition (London, 1963); David Knowles, The Monastic Order in England, second edition (Cambridge, 1962); Frank Barlow, The English Church, 1000-1066: A History of the Later Anglo-Saxon Church, second edition (London, 1979) and The English Church, 1066-1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church (London, 1979).
Dictionnaire d'archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie, eds. Fernand Cabrol, Henri Leclercq, and Henri Marrou, 15 vols. (Paris, 1907-53).
Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, ed. Alfred Baudrillart, et al., 23 volumes to date (Paris, 1912-present).
Dictionnaire de droit canonique, 7 vols., eds. A. Villien, E. Magnin, A. Amanieu, and Raoul Naz (Paris: Letouzey, 1935-65).
Dictionnaire de spiritualité, ascétique et mystique: doctrine et histoire, eds. Joseph de Guibert, Marcel Viller, F. Cavallera, et al., 16 volumes to date [to Vocation] (Paris, 1937-present).
Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, eds. A. Vacant, E. Mangenot, and E. Amann, 15 volumes (Paris, 1909-1950).
Dictionnaire des auteurs grecs et latins de l'Antiquité et du Moyen Age, eds. W. Buchwald, A. Hohlweg, and O. Prinz, trans. J. D. Berger and Jacques Billen (Turnhoult, 1991).
Dictionnaire des biographies, 2: Le Moyen Age, eds. Yves bernard, et al. (Paris, 1993).
Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Age., eds. Robert Bossuat, Louis Pichard, and Guy de Lage (Paris: Fayard, 1964).
Dizionario patristico e di antichita cristiane, ed. A. Di Berardino (Turin, 1983).
Enciclopedia Cattolica, ed. Giuseppe Pizzardo and Pio Paschini, 12 volumes (Vatican City, 1948-1954).
Encyclopaedia Judaica, eds. Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder, 16 vols. (New York, 1971-2).
Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, ed. Everett Ferguson, et al. (New York, 1990).
Encyclopedia of the Early Church, ed. Angelo di Berardino, trans. Adrian Walford, 2 volumes (Oxford, 1992).
The Encyclopedia of Islam, new edition, eds. H. A R. Gibb, et al., 7 vols. to date (Leiden, 1960-present).
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, ed. A. Berger (Philadelphia, 1958).
Lexikon des Mittelalters, 6 volumes to date (Munich, 1980-present).
Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, second edition, ed. Michael Buchberger, Josef Höfer, and Karl Rahner, 10 volumes (Freiburg, 1957-68).
Lexique historique du Moyen Age, eds. René Fedou, et al. (Paris, 1995).
Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, ed. William Kibler and Grover Zinn (New York: Garland, 1995).
Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia, ed. E. M. Gerli, et al. (New York: Garland, in press).
Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia, ed. C. Kleinhenz, et al. (New York: Garland, in press).
Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia, ed. Philip Pulsiano and Kirsten Wolf (New York: Garland, 1993).
The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia, ed. H. R. Loyn, et al. (London, 1989).
New Catholic Encyclopedia, 15 vols. (New York 1967).
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. Frank Cross and Elizabeth Livingstone, second edition (Oxford, 1974).
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. Alexander Kazhdan, et al., 3 vols. (Oxford, 1991).
Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart, 1950-present).