First Examination
 

Instructions: At the time of the exam, now scheduled for Monday, October 20th, you will be given two questions from the following list. You will then answer one of these two. Please remember that your essay will be graded according to the rubric posted on-line, which includes content, writing, and organization. You may not use any notes or books during the actual exam.
 

1. Selling the Constitution. It is autumn in 1787. The Constitution has been completed recently at the Convention in Philadelphia. Unfortunately, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay have fallen ill in the midst of writing The Federalist. They have asked you to take over the role of Publius to help defend the Constitution as it has been proposed for ratification. Specifically, you are to write two papers, numbers 86 and 87 in the series. In the first you will identify three weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain clearly how the Constitution corrects these flaws. In the second you will identify three Anti-Federalist criticisms of the proposed system and defend it against each criticism. Remember that you are defending the Constitution in its original, unamended form. You begin, "To the People of New York:..."
 

2. Constitutional Objectives. The framers of the Constitution sought to increase the power and "energy" (that is, the ability to exercise power promptly and efficiently) of the national government, make it difficult under ordinary circumstances for the national government to act, and limit popular influence without destroying popular sovereignty. Explain why the framers wanted to achieve each of these objectives and how the Constitution does so.
 

3. Federalism and Centralization. Explain in detail the development of American federalism from the writing of the Constitution to the present. Be sure to include the constitutional approach to federalism, steps to affirm national supremacy through the Civil War, dual federalism, the impact of the New Deal, and United States v. Lopez (1995). Conclude by identifying the factors that have influenced shifts in the balance of power between the national government and the states.
 

4. The Development of Civil Rights. Answer one of the following: (a) Identify briefly the major obstacles to civil rights, then show through a detailed historical narrative how these obstacles sustained slavery, helped undo Reconstruction, and promoted and maintained segregation until the 1960s. (b) Identify briefly four factors that scholars have identified as contributing to the development of civil rights for African Americans, then examine through the use of historical evidence whether these factors can explain civil rights progress during the "Two Reconstructions" (the 1860s-1870s and the post-World War II period, particularly the 1960s).