Instructions: On the day of the examination you will be given a choice of two of the questions from the list below. You will then have to answer one of the two questions. No notes or books may be used during the exam.

    1. To what degree can Rockman's policy-demand model of the constitutional presidency explain variations in presidential power in the 19th century, including the strong presidencies of Jefferson, Jackson, Polk, and Lincoln and the era of weak presidents that began with Andrew Johnson? Does some other theoretical framework better explain the variations? Support your answer with specific, detailed examples.

    2. Select three presidents (one each from before 1860, 1861-1932, and 1933-2001) and examine each one carefully from the perspective of Skowronek's regime model and one other model we have discussed. The second model (chosen from among Rockman, Tulis, Greenstein, or Howell) may differ for each case. For each president, be sure to highlight the different aspects of the presidency illuminated by each model you apply. What does this analysis suggest about the explanatory limits of the regime framework?

    3. The presidency in this century has become a highly "personalized" office: presidents have a direct relationship with the people and make use of this relationship to advance their objectives. But with this visible public role, some have argued, come new problems, including the need for presidents to raise higher expectations than they can hope to fulfill. Trace in detail the development of the "personal presidency" (that is, the specific factors and innovations that have linked presidents more closely to the people) from the beginning of the 20th century and discuss (with appropriate specific examples) how two modern presidents have encountered difficulties with the personalization of the office.

    4. Explain in detail how presidents beginning with Grover Cleveland had sought to assert greater control over the executive branch, with particular attention to modern presidents and their efforts to establish the "administrative presidency."