Proper use of source material is an important element in paper writing. The CUNY proficiency test evaluates the correct integration of quotations in essay text, and I use a version of the CUNY assessment criteria for my own grading. The component of grading that I call "sources" involves both complete and proper citation of all materials you use in writing the paper and the proper integration of quoted material in sentence syntax.

Quoting sentences
    The simplest form of direct quotation takes the form of a full sentence introduced by a speech verb:

        Polsky concludes, "Another leader faced with the same broad opportunities might well have chosen differently."

This kind of dialogue-style quotation (subject-speech verb-comma-quote) is punctuated as though it were a free-standing complete sentence. Capitalization is retained exactly as in the original.

Quoting material that stands as a sentence
    When you use the dialogue form, the quote always begins with a capital letter. If the quoted material is not a complete sentence in the original but stands as one in the syntax of the sentence, capitalize the first letter of the quote and place it in brackets:

        Polsky asserts, "[R]egime theory can be made into a more productive tool for explaining political outcomes."

The brackets signal to the reader that the material was not a full sentence in the original, while the capitalization produces a correct dialogue-form quotation.

Integrating sentence fragments into paper text
    Often writers integrate source material into other forms of sentences. In this case, syntax, punctuation, and capitalization for the quoted material should all be treated as though there were no quotation involved. Quotations (other than proper nouns) will begin with lower case letters:

        Polsky notes that following secession Lincoln and his allies "confronted the daunting task of restoring the Union."

    In this instance, a part of a sentence from the original has been incorporated into the sentence in the paper. If you read the sentence without the quotation marks, it is correctly punctuated. As a rule, sentences in the form subject-verb-that will require the use of lower case letters at the start of the quotation, and the quotation itself is not set off by a comma or other punctuation.

Integrating whole sentences from a source into a larger sentence of your paper
    You may also wish to incorporate a full sentence from a source into one of yours. Here again you should use brackets to alter the case of the first letter, but now you will be substituting lower case for the original capitalization:

Polsky contends that because Civil War generals had discretion in dealing with slavery "[m]uch depended upon the commanders of field armies and the heads of military departments."

Block quotations
    Longer quotations (three sentences or more) are usually presented as a block of text, all lines indented on the left margin. When you use a block quotation, do not use quotation marks - the indenting and citation make clear that the material is a direct quote.