The Year 1000
and the Question of the "feudal transformation"

1. General works: The evolution of the social transformation of the central middle ages.

Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon, 2 vols. (London, 1961, and reprints). ET of La Société féodale [Evolution de l'Humanité, 34 and 34 bis; Paris, 1940]). See also: Marc Bloch, Ecrire "La société féodale." Lettres à Henri Berr, 1924-1943, ed. Jacqueline Pluet-Desperin (Paris, 1992).

J. Lestocquoy, "The Tenth Century," Economic History Review, 17 (1947), pp. 1-14.

Robert Lopez, "Still Another Renaissance?" American Historical Review, 57 (1951-51), pp. 1-21. See also now: Warren Treadgold (ed.), Renaissances Before the Renaissance (Stanford, 1984).

Richard Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (New Haven, 1953).

Georges Duby, La société aux XIe et XIIe siècles dans la région mâconnaise (Paris, 1953; second edition, 1971).

I problemi comuni dell'Europa post-Carolingia (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo, 2; Spoleto, 1955).

Victor Elbern, Das erste Jahrtausend, 3 vols. (Dusseldorf, 1962).

Robert Lopez, The Tenth Century: How Dark the Dark Ages? (New York, 1959).

Philippe Wolff, The Awakening of Europe, trans. Anne Carter (Baltimore, 1968).

Geoffrey Barraclough, The Crucible of Europe: The Ninth and Tenth Centuries in European History (Berkeley, 1976).

L'Europe aux IXe-XIe siècles, ed. Tadeusz Manteuffel and Aleksander Gieysztor (Paris, 1965).

Les structures sociales de l'Aquitaine du Languedoc et de l'Espagne au premier âge féodale (Paris, 1969).

Structures féodales et féodalisme dans l'occident méditerranéen (Xe-XIIIe siècles): Bilan et perspectives de recherches (Rome, 1980).

Jean-Pierre Poly and Eric Bournazel, La mutation féodale. Xe-XIIe siècles (Nouvelle Clio, 16; Paris, 1980).

Robert Fossier, L'Enfance de l'Europe (Xe-XIIe siècles). Aspects économiques et sociaux, 2 vols. (Nouvelle Clio, 17; Paris, 1982).

Karl Leyser, The Ascent of Latin Europe (Oxford, 1986).

Heinrich Fichtenau, Lebensordnung des 10. Jahrhunderts: Studien über Denkart und Existenz im einstigen Karolingerreich (Stuttgart, 1984), ET as Living in the Tenth Century: Mentalities and Social Orders, trans. Patrick Geary (Chicago, 1991), which, however, has only abbreviated notes.

Il secolo de ferro: Mito e realtà del secolo X, 2 vols. (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo, 39; Spoleto, 1991).

Klaus Randsborg (ed.), The Birth of Europe (Analecta Romana Instituti Danici, supplementum 16; 1989).

Vladimir Vodoff, Naissance de la chrétienté russe. La conversion du prince Vladimir de Kiev (988) et ses conséquences (XIe-XIIIe siècles) (Paris, 1988).

Lech Leciejewicz, Gli Slavi occidentali. Le origini delle società e delle culture feudali (Spoleto, 1991).

Yaroslav Shchapov, Church and State in Ancient Rus from the Tenth to the Thirteenth Century (1992).

Jacques Heers, Moyen âge, une imposture (Paris, 1992).

2. General works: Some useful review and synthetic articles.

Giovanni Tabacco, "L'ambiguità delle istituzioni nell'Europa costruita dai franchi," Rivista storica italiana, 87 (1975) pp. 401-38.

Stephen White, "English Feudalism and its Origins," American Journal of Legal History, 19 (1975), pp. 138-55.

Margaret Gibson, "The Continuity of Learning circa 850-circa 1050," Viator, 6 (1975), pp. 1-13.

Martin Heinzelmann, "La noblesse du haut moyen âge (VIIIe-XIe siècles): quelques problèmes à propos d'ouvrages récents," La Moyen Age, 83 (1977), pp. 131-44.

Carlrichard Bruhl, "Die Geburt des Modernen Europa nach 1000," in Il secolo de ferro: Mito e realtà del secolo X, 2 vols. (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo, 39; Spoleto, 1991), pp. 1085-1106.

3. General works: Marxism and the growing debate over the feudal transformation.

Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (London, 1974).

Elizabeth Brown, "The Tyranny of a Construct: Feudalism and Historians of Medieval Europe," American Historical Review, 79 (1974), pp. 1063-88.

Alain Guerreau, La féodalisme: un horizon théorique (Paris, 1980).

Chris Wickam, "The Other Transition From the Ancient World to Feudalism," Past and Present, 103 (1984), pp. 3-36.

Eckhard Müller-Mertens (ed.), Feudalismus: Entstehung und Wesen (Studienbibliothek DDR-Geschichtswissenschaft, 4; Berlin, 1985). See also "Feudalismus," in Lexikon des Mittelalters, 4 (Munich, 1987-9), cols. 411-21: contains a large bibliography of both West and East German historiography on the issue.

Guy Bois, La mutation de l'an mil. Lournand, village mâconnais, de l'antiquité au féodalisme (Paris, 1989). ET: The Transformation of the Year One Thousand. The Village of Lournand from Antiquity to Feudalism, trans. Jean Birrell (Manchester, 1992). See also Alain Guerreau, "Lournand au Xe siècle: histoire et fiction," Le Moyen Age, 96 (1990), pp. 519-37 and Adriann Verhulst, "The Decline of Slavery and the Economic expansion of the Early Middle Ages," Past and Present, 133 (1991), pp. 195-203.

Dominique Barthelemy, "La Mutation féodale a-t-elle eu lieu?,"Annales. E. S. C. (1992), pp. 367-77.

4. The meaning of the year 1000.

Locus classicus: Jules Michelet, Histoire de France, 2:135.

François Plaine, "Les prétendues terreurs de l'an mille," Revue des questions historiques, 13 (1873), pp. 144-64

Ferdinand Lot, Le mythe des terreurs de l'An Mille, (Mercure de France; Paris, 1947).

Pierre Riché, "Le mythe des terreurs de l'An Mille," in Les terreurs de l'an 2000 (Paris, 1976), pp. 21-30.

Daniel Verhulst, "Adso van Montier-en-Der en de angst voor het jaar duizend," Tidschrift voor Geschiedenis, 90 (1977), pp. 1-10.

Johannes Fried, "Endzeiterwartung um die Jahrtausendwende," Deutches Archiv für Erforschung des mittelalters, 45 (1989), pp. 385-473.

Richard Landes, "Lest the Millenium be Fulfilled: Apocalyptic Expectations and the Pattern of Western Chronography, 100-800 CE," in Werner Verbeke, Daniel Verhulst, and Andries Welkenhysen (eds.), The Use and Abuse of Eschatology in the Middle Ages (Leuven, 1988), pp. 137-211 and "Millenarismus absconditus: l'historiographie augustinienne et le millénarisme du haut moyen âge jusqu'en l'an mil," Le Moyen Age (in press).

For some useful sources, see: Claude Carozzi, La fin des temps: Terreurs et prophéties au Moyen Age (Paris, 1982).

5. Useful collections: "l'an mil."

Edmond Pognon (ed. and trans.), L'An mille (Paris, 1947). Collection of translated sources, including Ademar of Chabannes, Ralph Glaber, some of Liutprand of Cremona, Helgaud of Fleury, and Adalberon of Laon.

Henri Focillon, L'an mil (Paris, 1952). General essays and some translated sources by an art historian.

Louis Grodecki, Florentine Mütherich, Jean Taralon, and Francis Wormald, Le siècle de l'an mil (950-1050) (Paris, 1973). Collection of articles on art history.

Georges Duby (ed. and trans.), L'an mil (Paris, 1980). Collection of translated sources.

Xavier Barral i Altet (ed.), Le paysage monumental de la France autour de l'an mil (Paris, 1987). Gazetteer.

Robert Delort (eds.), La France de l'an Mil (Paris, 1990)