Patrick Wormald, "The Decline of the Western Empire and the Survival of its Aristocracy," Journal of Roman Studies, 66 (1976), pp. 217-26.
E. M. Wightman, "Peasants and Potentates. An Investigation of Social Structure and Land Tenure in Roman Gaul," American Journal of Ancient History, 3 (1978), pp. 97-128.
A debate over slavery in the late Roman world: Ramsay MacMullen, "Late Roman Slavery," Historia, 36 (1987), pp. 359-82; R. Samson, "Rural Slavery, Inscriptions, Archaeology and Marx. A Response to Ramsay MacMullen's "Late Roman Slavery,'" Historia, 38 (1989), pp. 99-110; Chris Wickham, "Marx, Sherlock Holmes, and Late Roman Commerce," Journal of Roman Studies, 78 (1988), pp. 183-93; R. Samson, "Slavery, the Roman Legacy," in John Drinkwater and Hugh Elton (eds.), Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 218-27.
Donald Bullough, "Early Medieval Social Groupings: The Terminology of Kinship," Past and Present, 45 (1969), pp. 3-18.
Heinz Thomas, "Der Ursprung des Wortes theodiscus," Historische Zeitschrift, 247 (1988), pp. 295-331.
Alexander C. Murray, Germanic Kinship Structure: Studies in Law and Society in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Toronto, 1983).
H. H. Neinhard, "The Patrilineal Principle in Early Teutonic Kinship," in J. H. M. Beattie and R. G. Lienhardt (eds.), Studies in Social Anthropology: Essays in Memory of E. E. Evans-Pritchard by his Former Oxford Colleagues (Oxford, 1975), pp. 1-29
Hans-Werner Goetz, "Nobilis. der Adel im Selbstverständnis der karolingerzeit," Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschicthe, 70 (1983), pp. 153-91.
Johannes Fried, "Der karolingische Herrschaftsverband im 9 Jh. zwischen 'Kirche' unde 'Könighaus,'" Historische Zeitschrift, 235 (1982), pp. 1-43.
Gerd Althoff, Verwandte, Freunde und Getreue. Zum politischen Stellenwert der Gruppenbindungen im früheren Mittelalter (Darmstadt, 1990).
Investigations of the Schmid thesis: Georges Duby, Hommes et structures du moyen âge (Paris, 1973) [ET: The Chivalrous Society, trans. Cynthia Postan (Berkeley, 1977)] and Mâle moyen age (Paris, 1988) [ET: Love and Marriage in the Middle Ages, trans. Jane Dunnnett (Chicago, 1994)]; Cinzio Violante, "Quelques caractéristiques des structures familiales en Lombardie, emilie et Toscane aux XIe et XIIe siècles," in Georges Duby and Jacques Le Goff (eds.), Famille et parenté dans l'occident médiéval (Collection de l'école française de Rome, 30; Rome, 1977), pp. 87-125; James Holt, "Feudal Society and the Family in Early Medieval England," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, fifth series, 32 (1982), pp. 193-212; 33 (1983), pp. 193-220; 34 (1984), pp. 1-25; 35 (1985), pp. 1-28; John Freed, "Reflections on the Medieval German Nobility," American Historical Review, 91 (1986), pp. 553-75.
Disagreements with the Schmid thesis: Karl Leyser, "The German Aristocracy from the Ninth to the Early Twelfth Century: a Historical and Cultural Sketch," Past and Present, 41 (1968), pp. 25-53, reprinted in Medieval Germany and Its Neighbours: 900-1250 (London, 1982), pp. 161-89.
On the concept of nobilitas and the question of family continuity: Janet Martindale, "The French Aristocracy in the Early Middle Ages: A Reappraisal," Past and Present, 75 (1977), pp. 5-45; Léopold Genicot, "The Nobility in Medieval Francia: Continuity, Break, or Evolution?" in Fredric Cheyette, ed., Lordship and Community in Medieval Europe (New York, 1968), pp. 128-36; ; Gerd Tellenbach, "Zur Erforschung des hochmittelalterlichen Adels," Twelfth International Congress of Historical Sciences, 5 vols. (Vienna, 1965), 1:318-37. See also a useful review article, Martin Heinzelmann, "La noblesse du haut moyen âge (VIIIe-XIe siècles): quelques problèmes à propos d'ouvrages récents," La Moyen Age, 83 (1977), pp. 131-44.
A developing hypothesis: Constance Bouchard, "The Structure of a Twelfth-Century French Family, the Lords of Seignelay," Viator, 10 (1979), pp. 39-56; "The Origins of the French Nobility, a Reassessment," American Historical Review, 86 (1981), pp. 501-32; "Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries," Speculum, 56 (1981), pp. 272-87; "Family Structure and Family Consciousness Among the Aristocracy in the Ninth to the Eleventh Centuries," Francia, 14 (1986), pp. 639-58; "The Bosonids, or Rising to Power in the Late Carolingian Age," French Historical Studies, 15 (1987-88), pp. 407-431.
Geneological literature: Georges Duby, "Remarques usr la littérature généalogique en France aux XIe et XIIe siècles," in Hommes et structures (see above), pp. 287-98; Jean Dunbabin, "Discovering a Past for the French Aristocracy," in Paul Magdalino (ed.), The Perception of the Past in Twelfth-Century Europe (London, 1992), pp. 1-14; Gabrielle Spiegel, Romancing the Past: The Rise of Vernacular Prose Historiography in Thirteenth-Century France (Berkeley, 1993).
Walther Kienast, Der Herzogstitel in Frankreich und Deutschland (9. bis 12. Jahrhundert) (Munich and Vienna, 1968).
Dennis Green, The Carolingian Lord: Semantic Studies on Four Old High German Words: balder, fro, truhtin, herro (Cambridge, 1965).
John Lindow, Comitatus, Individual and Honor: Studies in North Germanic Institutional Vocabulary (Berkeley, 1976).
Karl Brunner, "Der fränkische Fürstentitel im neunten und zehnten Jahrhundert," Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung, 24 (1973), pp. 179-340.
Karl Ferdinand Werner, "Missus-marchio-comes: entre l'administration centrale et l'administration locale de l'empire carolingien," in Walter Paravicini and Karl Ferdinand Werner (eds.), Histoire comparée de l'administration (IVe-XVIIIe siècle) (Beihefte der Francia, 9; Munich, 1980), pp. 191-239.
Georges Duby, "La diffusion du titre chevaleresque," in Philippe Contamine (ed.), La noblesse au moyen âge (paris, 1976), pp. 39-70.
Adolf Bach, Deutsche Namenkunde, second edition, 3 vols. (Heidelberg, 1952-6).
Wolfgang Fleischer, Die deutschen Personennamen (Berlin, 1964).
M.-T. Morlet, Les noms de personnes sur le territoire de l'ancienne Gaule du VIe au XIIe siècle, 2 vols. (Paris, 1968-72).
Karl Ferdinand Werner, "Liens de parenté et noms de personne. Un problème historique et méthodologique," in Georges Duby and Jacques Le Goff (eds.), Famille et parenté dans l'occident médiéval (Collection de l'école française de Rome, 30; Rome, 1977), pp. 13-18 and 25-34.
Otto Oexle, "Die Gegenwart der Toten," in Herman Braet and Werner Verbeke (eds.), Death in the Middle Ages (Mediaevalia Lovaniensia, I.9; Leuven, 1983), pp. 19-77.
Joachim Wollasch, "Totengedenken im Reformmönchtum," in Raymund Kottje (ed.), Monastische Reformen im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert (Vorträge und Forschungen, 38; Sigmaringen, 1989), pp. 147-66.
Joachim Wollasch, "Les moines et la mémoire des morts," in Dominique Iogna-Prat and Jean-Charles Picard (eds.), Religion et culture autour de l'an mil. Royaume capétien et Lotharingie (Paris, 1990), pp. 47-54.
Karl Schmid and Joachim Wollasch (eds.), Memoria. Der geschichtliche Zeugniswert des liturgischen Gedenkens im Mittelalter (Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften, 48; Munich, 1984).
Karl Schmid, Gedächtnis, das Gemeinschaft stiftet (Schriftenreihe der Katholishcen Akademie der Erzdiöcese Freiburg, Munich, 1985).
Jean-Loup Lemaitre (ed.), L'église et la mémoire des morts dans la France médiévale (Paris, 1986).
Joachim Wollasch, "Königtum, Adel und Kloster im Berry wärhend des 10. Jahrhunderts," in Neue Forshungen über Cluny und die Cluniacenser, ed. Gerd Tellenbach (Freiburg, 1959), pp. 17-165.
Gerd Althoff, Adels- und Königsfamilien im Spiegel ihrer Memorialüberlieferung. Studien zum Totengedenken der Billunger und Ottonen (Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften, 47; Munich, 1984).
Jean-Loup Lemaître, Mourir à Saint-Martial. La commemoration des morts et les obitaires à Saint-Martial de Limoges du XIe au XIIIe siècles (Paris: Boccard, 1989).
Nicholas Huyghebaert, Les documents nécrologiques (Typologie des sources du moyen âge occidental, 4; Turnhout, 1972).
Jean-Loup Lemaître, Répertoire des documents nécrologiques français, 2 vols. (Paris, 1980).
Normandy: Eleanor Searle, Predatory Kinship and the Creation of Norman Power, 840-1066 (Berkeley, 1988).
Flanders: E. Warlop, The Flemish Nobility Before 1300, 4 vols. (Courtrai, 1975-6); Léopold Génicot, L'économie namuroise au bas Moyen Age, vol. 2: Les hommes, la noblesse (Louvain, 1960). More generally, see the studies of the latter collected in La noblesse dans l'Occident médiévale (Variorum Reprints; London, 1982).
Lorraine: Michel Parisse, La noblesse lorraine, XIe-XIIIe siècle (Paris, 1975); Noblesse et chevalerie en Lorraine médiévale: Les familles nobles du XIe au XIIIe siècle (Nancy, 1982).
Burgundy: Yves Sassier, Recherches sur le pouvoir comtal en Auxerrois du Xe au début du XIIe siècle (Paris, 1980).
Northern France: William Newman, Les Seigneurs de Nesle en Picardie, XIIe-XIIIe siècle (Paris, 1971); Eric Bournazel, le Gouvernement capétien au XIIe siècle, 1100-1180 (Paris, 1975) [considers the nobility of the Ile-de-France]; Theodore Evergates, Feudal Society of the Bailliage of Troyes under the Counts of Champagne, 1152-1284 (Baltimore, 1975); Dominique Barthélémy, Les deux âges de la seigneurie banale. Pouvoir et société dans la terre des sires de Coucy (milieu XIe-milieu XIIIe siècle (Pairs, 1984).
Southern France: Marti Aurell, Une famille de la noblesse provençaale au Moyen Ages; les Porcelet (Archives du Sud; Avignon, 1986); Renée Mussot-Goulard, Les princes de Gascogne, 768-1070 (Marsolan, 1982); John Shideler, A Medieval Catalan Noble Family: The Montcadas, 1000-1230 (Berkeley, 1983).
On the conventum of Hugh the Chiliarc, see Marcel Garaud, "Un problème d'histoire: A propos d'une lettre de Fulbert de Chartres à Guillaume le Grand conte de Poitou et duc d'Aquitaine," in Etudes d'histoire de droit canonique dediés à Gabriel Le Bras, 2 vols. (Paris, 1965), 1:559-62; George Beech, "A Feudal Document of Early Eleventh Century Poitou," in Mélanges d'histoire médiévale dédiées à René Crozet, 2 vols. (Poitiers, 1966), 1:203-13.
Karl Ferdinand Werner, "Du nouveau sur un vieux thème: Les origines de la 'Noblesse' et de la 'chevalerie,'" Comptes rendus des séances de l'Academie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, Paris, 1985 (Paris, 1986), pp. 186-200.
Jean Flori, "La notion de chevalerie dans les Chansons de Geste du XIIe siècle. Etude historique du vocabulaire," Moyen Age, fourth series, 31 (1976), pp. 125-36; "Sémantique et société médiévale: Le verbe adouber et son évolution au XIIe siècle," Annales E. S. C., 31 (1976), pp. 915-40; L'idéologie du glaive: la préhistoire de la chevalerie (Geneva, 1983); L'Essor de la chevalerie (Geneva, 1986).
J. Johrendt, "Milites" und "Militia" im 11. Jahrhundert. Untersuchung zur Frühgeschichte des Rittertums in Frankreich und Deutschland (Nuremberg, 1971).
Benjamin Arnold, German Knighthood, 1050-1300 (Oxford, 1985).
Karl Bosl, "Potens und Pauper. Begriffsgeschichtliche studien zur gesellschaftlichen Differenzierung im frühem Mittelalter und zum 'pauperismus' des Hochmittelalters," in Alteuropa und die moderne Gesellschaft. Festschrift für Otton Brunner (Gottingen, 1963) and "'Noble Unfreedom. The Rise of the Ministeriales in Germany," in Timothy Reuter (ed.), The Medieval Nobility. Studies on the Ruling Classes of France and Germany from the Sixth to the Twelfth Centuries (Amsterdam, 1979), pp. 291-312.
Joachim Bumke, Ministerialität und Ritterdichtung: Umrisse der forschung (Munich, 1976).
James Freed, "The Origins of the European Nobility: The Problem of the Ministerials," Viator 7 (1976), pp. 211-42; "The Formation of the Salzburg Ministerialage in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries: An Example of Upward Social Mobility in the Early Middle Ages," Viator 9 (1978), pp. 67-101.
Lynn White, Medieval Technology and Social Change (Oxford, 1962).
Philippe Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. Michael Jones (London, 1984; repint 1991).
Ordimenti militari in Occidente nell'alto medioevo, 2 vols. (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo, 15; Spoleto, 1968). Particularly: Lucien Musset, "Problèmes militaires du monde scandinave (VIIe-XIIe s.)," 1:229-91 and Karl Ferdinand Werner, "Heeresorganisation und Kriegführung im Deutschen Königreich des 10. und 11. Jahrhunderts," 2:791-843.
J. Langdon, Horses, Oxen and Technological Innovation (1986).
R. H. C. Davis, The Medieval Warhorse (London, 1989).
M. W. Thompson, The Rise of the Castle (Cambridge, 1991).
John Kenyon, Medieval Fortifications (Leicester, 1990).
Philip Grierson, Coins of Medieval Europe (1991).
Jean Lafaurie, Les monnaies des rois de France de Hugues Capet à Louis XII (Paris, 1951).
Sicard Castaing, Monnais féodales et circulation monétaire en Longuedoc (Xe-XIIIe s.) (Toulouse, 1961).
C. Stephen Jaeger, The Origins of Courtliness: Civilizing Trends and the Formation of Courtly Idelas, 939-1210 (Philadelphia, 1985).
Georges Duby, William Marshall: The Last Flower of Chivalry (Chicago, 1988).
Josef Fleckenstein (ed.), Curialitas: Studien zu grundfragen der höfisch-ritterlichen Kultur (Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte, 100; Göttingen, 1990).
Aldo Scaglione, Knights at Court: Courtliness, Chivalry, and Courtesy from Ottonian Germany to the Italian Renaissance (Berkeley, 1991).
Joachim Bumke, Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Berkeley, 1991).
Jacques Le Goff, "The Symbolic Ritual of Vassalage," in Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago, 1980), pp. 237-287.
Lester Little, Benedictine Maledictions: Liturgical Cursing in Romanesque France (Ithaca, 1993). See also idem, "Formules monastiques de malédiction aux IXe et Xe siècles," Revue Mabillon 58 (1975), pp. 377-99 and "La morphologie des malédictions monastiques," Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations 34 (1979), pp. 43-60.
Patrick Geary, "La coercition des saints dans la pratique religieuse médiévale," in La culture populaire au Moyen Age. Etudes présentés au Quatrième colloque de l'Institut d'études médiévales de l'Université de Montréal, 2-3 avril, 1977, ed. Pierre Boglioni (Montréal, 1979), pp. 145-61 and "L'humiliation des saints," Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations 34 (1979), pp. 27-42.
Roger Reynolds, "Rites of Separation and Reconciliation in the Early Middle Ages," in Segni e riti nella chiesa altomedievale occidentale (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioeveo, 33; Spoleto, 1987), particularly pp. 409-25.
Elisabeth Vodola, Excommunication in the Middle Ages (Berkeley, 1986).
Barabara Rosenwein, "Feudal War and Monastic Peace: Cluniac Liturgy as Ritual Agression," Viator 2 (1971), pp. 129-57.
Jean-Claude Schmitt, La raison des gestes en l'occident médiévale (Paris, 1991).
Yannik Carré, Le baiser sur la bouche au moyen âge. Rites, symboles, mentalités, XI-XV siècles (Paris, ?).
Geoffrey Koziol, Begging Pardon and Favor: Ritual and Political Order in Early Medieval France (Ithaca, NY, 1993).
Raymond Verdier (ed.), Le serment, 2 vols. (Paris, 1991).
David Herlihy, "Church Property on the European Continent, 701-1200," Speculum, 36 (1961), pp. 81-105, reprinted in his The Social History of Italy and Western Europe (London, 1978).
Stephen White, Custom, Kinship, and Gifts to Saints. The "Laudatio Parentum" in Western France, 1050-1150 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1988).
Barbara Rosenwein, To Be the Neighbor of Saint Peter: The Social Meaning of Cluny's Property, 909-1049 (Ithaca, NY, 1989).
Constance Bouchard, Sword, Miter and Cloister. Nobility and the Church in Burgundy (980-1198) (Ithaca, NY, 1987) and Holy Entrepeneurs: Cistercians, Knights, and Economic Exchange in Twelfth-Century Burgundy (Ithaca, NY, 1991).
Constance Berman, Medieval Agriculture, the Southern French Countryside, and the Early Cistercians. A Study of Forty-Three Monasteries (Philadelphia, 1986)
Emily Tabuteau, Transfers of Property in Eleventh-Century Norman Law (Chapel Hill, 1988). SML: KJW3181 .52 T33 1988
For differing views on malae consuetudines, see: Elisabeth Magnou-Nortier, "Les mauvaises coutumes en Auvergne, Bourgogne méridionale, Languedoc et Provence au XIe siècle: Un moyen d'analyse sociale," in Structures féodales et féodalisme dans l'occident méditerranéen (Xe-XIIIe siècles): Bilan et perspectives de recherches (Rome, 1980), pp. 135-72 and Christian Lauranson-Rosaz, "Les mauvaises coutumes d'Auvergne (fin Xe-XIe siècle)," Annales du Midi 102 (1990), pp. 557-86.
For classic anthropological statements of the importance of gift-giving, see Marcel Mauss, Le don (Paris, 1925) (ET: The Gift, trans. W. D. Halls, [New York, 1990]); Bronislaw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (London, 1922) and Crime and Custom in Savage Society (London, 1926). For recent theoretical adjustments, see Annette Weiner, Women of Value, Men of Renown: New Perspectives in Trobriand Exchange (Austin, TX, 1976); Arjun Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (Cambridge, 1986); Marilyn Strathern, The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia (Berkeley, 1988); Nicholas Thomas, Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture, and Colonialism in the Pacific (Cambridge, MA, 1991); Annette Weiner, Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-While-Giving (Berkeley, 1992); Ce que donner veut dire. Don et intérêt (Paris, 1993).
Suzanne Wemple, Women in Frankish Society: Marriage and the Cloister, 500-900 (Philadelphia, 1981).
David Herlihy, Medieval Households (Cambridge, MA, 1985).
James Brundage, Law, Sex, and Christian Society in Medieval Europe (Chicago, 1987).
Frances Gies, and Joseph Gies, Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages (New York, 1987).
Christopher Brooke, The Medieval Idea of Marriage (Oxford, 1989).
Georges Duby, The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest. The Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France, trans. Barbara Bray (New York, 1983).
Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge, 1983). But see now, David Herlihy, "Making Sense of Incest: Women and the Marraige Rules of the Early Middle Ages," in Bernard Bachrach and David Nicholas (eds.), Law, Custom, and the Social Fabric in Medieval Europe. Essays in Honor of Bryce Lyon (Kalamzaoo, MI, 1990), pp. 1-16.
For further bibliographic guidance, see Jocye Salisbury, Medieval Sexuality. A Research Guide (Garland Medieval Bibliographies, 5; New York, 1990) and Jacqueline Murray and Michael Sheehan, Domestic Society in Medieval Europe: A Select Bibliography (Toronto, 1990).