General: The standard guide to monasteries is Laurent Cottineau, Répertoire topo-bibliographique des abbayes et prieurés, 3 vols. (Mâcon, 1939-70). For general bibliographical guidance to secondary literature, see Giles Constable, Medieval Monasticism: A Select Bibliography (Toronto Medieval Bibliographies, 6; Toronto, 1976). For general guides to monastic cartularies, see: Hermann Oesterley, Wegweiser durch die Literatur der Urkunden Sammlungen, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1885-8); Henri Stein, Bibliographie générale des cartulaires français ou relatifs à l'histoire de France (Manuels de bibliographie historique, 4; Paris, 1907); Godfrey Davis, Medieval Cartularies of Great Britain (London, 1958). The basic editions of monastic customaries are Bruno Albers, Consuetudines Monasticae, 5 vols. (Stuttgart, 1911-12) and Kassius Hallinger (ed.), Corpus consuetudinum monasticarum (Siegburg, 1963-present). On the myriad ofquestions concerning monastic property Emile Lesne, Histoire de la propriété ecclésiastique en France, 6 vols. (Mémoires et travaux publiée par des professeurs de la faculté Catholique de Lille; Lille and Paris, 1910-45) remains an essential reference.

Overviews of monastic history: David Knowles, Christian Monasticism (New York, 1969); Marcel Pacaut, Les ordres monastiques et religieux au Moyen Age (Paris, 1970); C. N. L. Brooke and Wim Swaan, The Monastic World, 1000-1300 (London, 1974); C. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism. Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London, 1984). A superb introduction to monastic spirituality is offered by Jean Leclercq, The Love of Learning and the Desire for God. A Study of Monastic Culture, trans. Catharine Misrahi, second edition (New York: 1977).

Italy. Monasticon Italiae, 3 vols. (Cesena, 1981-present). (1: Rome and Latium; 2: Abruzzo and Molise; 3: Apulia and Basilicata; 4: Calabria and Campania [in preparation]; 5: Peidmont, Val d'Aosta, Lombardy, and Liguria [in preparation]; 6: Veneto and Istria [in preparation]). See also Giuseppe Cacciamani, Atlante storico-geografico dei Benedettini d'Italia (Rome, 1967). and Placido Lugano (ed.), L'Italia benedettina (Rome, 1929). Also sessential is the basic collection of church historical documents: Italia sacra, sive De episcopis italiae ad insularum adjacentium, ed. Ferdinando Ughelli, 9 vols. (Rome, 1644-62; revised edition in 10 volumes, Venice, 1717-22; reprint, 1970);

Iberia. Leao di Santo Thomaz, Benedictina Lusitana, 2 vols. (Coimbra, 1644-51). A number of important documents are also included in España sagrada, eds. Enrique Florez, et al., 58 vols. (Madrid, 1747-1954).

France. Jean-Martial Besse, et al. (eds.), Abbayes et prieurés de l'ancienne France (Paris, 1905-present). The earlier volumes appeared as numbers of the serial Archives de la France monastique. New edition of Charles Beaunier (ed.), Recueil historique, chronologique, et topographique des archevechez, evêchez, abbayes, et prieurez de France, 2 vols. (Paris, 1726). (1: Paris; 2: Aix, Arles, Avignon, Embrun; 3: Bordeaux; 4: Albi, Narbonne, Toulouse; 5: Bourges; 6: Sens; 7: Rouen; 8: Tours; 9: Vienne; 10-12: Lyon; 14: Arras; 16-17: Reims; 18: Beauvais.) Gallia christiana, second edition, 16 volumes (Paris, 1715-1785) also remains essential for the study of monasticism in France.

The Low Countries. The basic guide is provided by Ursmer Berlière, Monasticon Belge, 7 vols. in 20 fasicles (original edition, 1890; revised edition, Bruges, 1955-1992). [I: Provinces de Namur et de Hainaut, 2 parts (1961). II: Province de Liège, three parts (1955-62). III: Province de Flandre occidentale, 4 parts (1960-78). IV: Province de Brabant, 6 parts (1964-92). V: Province de Luxembourg (1975). VI: Province de Limbourg (1976). VII: Province de Flandre orientale, 3 parts (1978-80)] and Michael Schoengen, Monasticon batavum, 3 vols. and supplement (Verhendelignen der Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeeling Letterkunde, new series, 45; Amsterdam, 1941-2). (1: Franciscans; 2: Augustinians; 3: Benedictines.) Also see Edouard Michel, Abbayes et monastères de Belgique (Brussels, 1923).

Germany: Germania Benedictina is a planned eleven volume series of which two have appeared: Josef Hemmerle, Die Benediktiner-klöster in Bayern (Germania Benedictina, 2; Augsburg, 1970) and Die Frauenklöster in Niedersachsen, Schleswig-Holstein und Bremen (Germania Benedictina, 11; St. Ottilien, 1984). See also Germania Monastics Klosterverzeichnis der deutschen Benediktiner und Cisterzienser (Salzburg, 1917; reprint, Augsburg, 1967).Germany and Empire: Monumenta Germaniae historica (Hannover and Berlin, 1826-present). Germania sacra, 3 vols. in 5 (Berlin, 1929-41) and Germania sacra. Neue Folge, 28 vols. (Berlin, 1962-present) also contain material of interest.

England (including Scotland and Wales). William Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum: A History of the Abbies and other Monasteries, Hospitals, Frieries, and Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, with the Dependencies, in England and Wales, enlarged edition by John Caley, Henry Ellis and Bulkeley Bandinel, 6 vols. in 8 (original, 1655-73; London, 1817-30 and 1846). David Knowles and Richard Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religion Houses: England and Wales, second edition (London, 1971). David Knowles, The Heads of Religious Houses: England and Wales, 940-1216 (Cambridge, 1972). Alison Binns, Dedications of Monastic Houses in England and Wales, 1066-1216 (London, 1989). Alice Ryan, A Map of Old English Monasteries and Related Ecclesiastical Foundations, AD 400-1066 (Ithaca, NY, 1939). Map of Monastic Britain published by the Ordnance Survey, second edition, 2 sheets (Chessington, 1954-6 and reprints). I. B. Cowan and David Easson, Medieval Religion Houses: Scotland, second edition (London, 1976). The "Rolls Series" or Rerum britannicarum medii aevi scriptores (Rolls Series), 99 volumes in 253 (London, 1858-1896) also contains many texts concerning monasticism.

Ireland. Mervyn Archdall, Monasticon Hibernicum: or, A History of the Abbeys, Priories, and Other Religious Houses in Ireland, revised edition by Patrick Moran, 2 vols. (original, 1744; Dublin, 1873-6). Aubrey Gwynn and Richard Neville Hadcock, Medieval Religion Houses: Ireland

Charters: A. Giry, Manuel de diplomatique (Paris, 1894; reprint, Paris, 1925; reprint, New York, 1972); A. de Boüard, Manuel de diplomatique française et pontificale, 3 volumes (Paris, 1929-52); Harry Bresslau, Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien, (Berlin, 1889; second edition in 2 volumes, Leipzig, 1912-31; index by H. Schulze, Berlin, 1960); Georges Tessier, Diplomatique royale française (Paris, 1962); Olivier Guyotjeanin, Jacques Pycke, and Benoît-Michel Tock, Diplomatique médiéval (L'atelier du médiéviste, 2; Turnhout, 1993). Specifically on France, see Henri Stein, Bibliographie générale des cartulaires français ou relatifs à l'histoire de France (Manuels de bibliographie historique, 4; Paris, 1907).

Liturgical sources: Richard Pfaff, Medieval Latin Liturgy: A Select Bibliography (Toronto, 1982); Cyrille Vogel, Medieval Liturgy: An Introduction to the Sources, trans. William Storey and Niels Krogh Rasmussen (Washington, DC, 1986); John Harper, The Forms and Orders of Western Liturgy from the Tenth to the Eighteenth Century: A Historical Introduction and Guide for Students and Musicians (Oxford, 1991).

The "crisis of monasticism." Germain Morin, "Rainaud l'ermite et Ives de Chartres. Un épisode de la crise du cénobitisme au XIe-XIie siècle," Revue Bénédictine, 40 (1928), pp. 99-115; Charles Dereine, "Odon de Tournai et la crise du cénobitisme au XIe siècle," Revue du moyen âge latin, 4 (1948), pp. 137-54; Marie-Dominique Chenu, "Moines, clercs, laïcs au carrefour de la vie évangélique," Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique, 69 (1954), pp. 59-89 (English translation by Jerome Taylor and Lester Little in Chenu, Nature Man and Society in the Twelfth Century [New York, 1969]); Jean Leclercq, "La crise du monachism aux XIe et XIIe siècles," Bullettino dell'Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo, 70 (1958), pp. 19-41 (English translation in Noreen Hunt, Cluniac Monasticism, below); Norman Cantor, "The Crisis of Western Monasticism, 1050-1130," American Historical Review, 66 (1960-1), pp. 47-67; Giles Constable, "The Study of Monastic History Today," in Vaclav Mudrochand G. S. Couse (eds.), Essays on the Reconstruction of Medieval History (Montreal, 1974), pp. 21-52.

Immunity and exemption. Jean-François Lemarignier, Etude sur les privilèges d'exemption et de jurisdiction ecclésiastique des abbayes normandes depuis les origines jusqu'en 1140 (Archives de la France monastique, 44; Paris, 1937), "L'exemption monastique et les origines de la réforme grégorienne," in A Cluny. Congrès scientifique. Fêtes et cérémonies liturgique en l'honneur des saints abbés Odon et Odilon 9-11 juillet 1949 (Dijon, 1950), pp. 288-340, "Le Monachisme et l'encadrement religieux des campagnes du royaume de France situées au nord de la Loire, de la fin du X à la fin du XIe siècle," in Le istituzioni ecclesiastiche della "Societas Christiana" dei secoli XI-XII. Diocesi, pievi e parrocchie (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 8; Milan, 1977), pp. 357-95; Granz Felten, Äbte und Laienäbte im Frankenreich: Studie zum Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche im früheren Mittelalter (Monographien zur Geschichte des Mittelalters, 20; Stuttgart, 1980); Mogens Rathsack, Die Fulda Falschungen: Eine rechtshistorische Analyse der papstlichen Privilegien des Klosters Fulda von 751 bis ca. 1158, trans. Preben Morgensen, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1989); Thomas Head, Hagiography and the Cult of Saints. The Diocese of Orléans, 800-1200 (Cambridge, 1990), chapters 5 and 6.

Monastic reform. Kassius Hallinger, Gorze-Kluny, 2 vols. (Rome, 1950-51); Otto Oexle, Forschungen zu monastischen und geistlichen Gemeinschaften im westfränkischen Bereich (Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften, 31; Munich, 1978); Joachim Wollasch, Mönchtum des Mittelalters zwischen Kirche und Welt (Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften, 7; Munich, 1973); Raymund Kottje and Helmut Maurer (eds.), Monastische Reformen im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert (Vorträge und Forschungen, 38; Sigmaringen, 1989). On individual reformers, see Marco Mostert, The Political Theology of Abbo of Fleury. A Study of the Ideas About Society and Law of the Tenth-Century Monastic Reform Movement (Middeleeuwse Studies en Bronnen, 2; Hilversum, 1987); Neithard Bulst, Untersuchungen zu den Klosterreformen Wilhelms von Dijon (962-1031) (Pariser historische Studien, 11; Bonn 1973). See also Edmond Ortigues and Dominque Iogna-Prat, "Raoul Glaber et l'historiographie clunisienne," Studi Medievali 26 (1985), pp. 537-572; Hubert Dauphin, Le Bienheureux Richard, abbé de Saint Vanne de Verdun (+1046) (Louvain, 1946); H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Age of Abbot Desiderius: Montecassino, the Papcy, and the Normans in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Oxford, 1983).

The "new monasticism" of the eleventh and twelfth centuries: Johannes von Walter, Die ersten Wanderprediger Frankreichs, I: Robert von Artbrissel and II: Bernhard von Thiron; Vitalis von Savigny; Girald von Salles; Bemerkungen zur Norbert von Xanten und Heinrich von Lausanne 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1903-6); Ernst Werner, Pauperes Christi. Studien zu sozial-religiösen Bewegungen im Zeitalter des Reformpapsttums (Leipzig, 1956); Henrietta Leyser, Hermits and the New Monasticism. A Study of Religious Communities in Western Europe, 1000-1150 (London, 1984); Lester Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe (Ithaca, 1978); Michel Mollat, Les pauvres au Moyen Age (Paris, 1978), ET The Poor in the Middle Ages: An Essay in Social History, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New Haven, 1986). See also the articles collected in L'eremitismo in occidente nei secoli XI e XII (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 4; Milan, 1965); I laici nella 'societas christiana' dei secoli XI e XII (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 5; Milan, 1968); Monachesimo e la riforma ecclesiastica (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 6; Milan, 1971); and Le istituzioni ecclesiastiche della "Societas Christiana" dei secoli XI-XII. Diocesi, pievi e parrocchie (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 8; Milan, 1977).

Cluny: Ernst Sackur, Die Cluniacenser in ihrer kirchlichen und allgemeingeschichtlichen Wirksamkeit bis zur Mitte des 11. Jhs. 2 vols. (Halle, 1892); Guy de Valous, Le monachisme clunisien des origines au XVe siècles. Vie intérieure des monastères et organisation de l'ordre, 2 vols. (Ligugé, 1935; reprint Paris, 1970); Kassius Hallinger, Gorze-Kluny, 2 vols. (Rome, 1950-51); Kenneth Conant, Cluny: Les églises et la maison du chef d'ordre (Cambridge, MA, 1968); Petrus Venerabilis (1156-1956). Studies and Texts Commemorating the Eighth Centenary of His Death (Studia Anselmiana, 40; Rome, 1956). See also Giles Constable (ed.), Letters of Peter the Venerable, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1967); Noreen Hunt, Cluny Under Saint Hugh, 1049-1109 (South Bend, Ind., 1967); H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Cluniacs and the Gregorian Reform (Oxford, 1970); Barbara Rosenwein, Rhinoceros Bound. Cluny in the Tenth Century (Philadelphia, 1982) and To Be the Neighbor of Saint Peter: The Social Meaning of Cluny's Property, 909-1049 (Ithaca, 1989); Dominique Iogna-Prat, Agni Immaculati. Recherches sur les sources hagiographiques relatives à Saint Maieul de Cluny, 954-994 (Paris, 1988). Some important collections of articles: A Cluny. Congrès scientifique. Fêtes et cérémonies liturgique en l'honneur des saints abbés Odon et Odilon 9-11 juillet 1949 (Dijon, 1950); Gerd Tellenbach (ed.), Neuer Forshungen über Cluny und die Cluniacenser (Freiburg, 1959); Noreen Hunt (ed.), Cluniac Monasticism in the Central Middle Ages (London, 1971); Helmut Richter (ed.), Cluny: Beiträge zu Gestalt und Wirkung der cluniazensischen Reform, ed. (Darmstadt, 1975); Giles Constable, Cluniac Studies (London, 1982). Further bibliographical aids: Noreen Hunt, Cluniac Monasticism (1971), pp. 1-10 and 238-42; Kenneth Conant, "Cluny Studies, 1986-1975," Speculum, 50 (1975), pp. 383-90; Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy (1988), pp. 25-6.