Walter Ullmann, A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages (London, 1972).
Geoffrey Barraclough, The Medieval Papacy (London, 1968).
Harald Zimmermann, Papstabsetzungen des Mittelalters (Graz, 1968) and Das Papsttum im Mittelalter: eine Papstgeschichte im Spiegel der Historiographie (Stuttgart, 1981).
Bernhard Schimmelpfennig, The Papacy, trans. James Sievert (New York, 1992).
Jeffrey Richards, The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752 (London, 1979). See also Horace Kinder Mann, Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, 18 vols. (London, 1902-32).
Ian Robinson, The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation (Cambridge, 1990).
E. R. Chamberlin, The Bad Popes (New York, 1969).
Walter Ullmann, Medieval Papalism (London, 1949) and The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages: A Study in the Ideological Relation of Clerical to Lay Power (London, 1955; third edition, 1970).
Brian Tierney, Foundations of the Conciliar Theory (Cambridge, 1955).
Yves Congar, L'Ecclésiologie du haut moyen-âge. De Saint Grégoire le Grand à la désunion entre Byzance et Rome (Paris, 1968) and L'Eglise: de S. Augustin à l'époque moderne (Histoire des dogmes; Paris, 1970).
J. Haller, Das Papsttum, Idee und Wirklichkeit, second edition (Stuttgarrt, 1951-2).
Klaus Ganzer, Papsttum und Bistumsbesetzungen in der Zeit von Gregor IX. bis Bonifz VII.: Ein Beitrag zur Geschicthe der päpstlichen Reservationen (Graz, 1968).
Jean Rupp, L'idée de Chrétienté dans la pensée pontificale des origines à Innocent III (Paris, 1939).
Karl Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300-1140 (Princeton, 1969).
Stanley Chodorow, Christian Political Theory and Church Politics in the mid-Twelfth Century (Berkeley, 1972).
Harold Berman, Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition (Cambridge, MA, 1983).
Kenneth Pennington, Pope and Bishops: The Papal Monarchy in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (Philadelphia, 1984).
Peter Partner, The Lands of St. Peter (London, 1972).
Thomas Noble, The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680-825 (Philadelphia, 1984).
Robert Brentano, Rome Before Avignon (New York 1974).
Daniel Waley, The Papal State in the Thirteenth Century (London, 1961).
B. U. Hergemöller, Die Geschichte der Papstnamen (Münster, 1980).
E. Eichmann, Weihe und Krönung des Papstes im Mittelalter (Munich, 1951).
Mary Stroll, Symbols as Power: The Papacy following the Investiture Contest (Brill's Studies in Intellectual History, 24; Leiden, 1991).
Silvester II (999-1003): Pierre Riché, Gerbert de Reims ().
Benedict VIII, John XIX, Benedict IX (1012-1046): Klaus-Jürgen Herrmann, Das Tuskulanerpapsttum (1012-1046): Benedikt VIII., Johannes XIX., Benedikt IX. (Päpste und Papsttum, 4; Stuttgart, 1973).
Leo IX (1048-1054): L. Sittler and P. Stintzi, Saint Léon IX, Le pape alsacien (Colmar, 1950); E. Petrucci, Ecclesiologia e politica di Leone IX (Rome, 1977).
Alexander II (1061-1073): Tilmann Schmidt, Alexander II. (1061-1073) und die römische Reformgruppe seinzer Zeit (Päpste und Papsttum, 11; Stuttgart, 1977).
Gregory VII (1073-1085): see I. S. Robinson, "Pope Gregory VII: Bibliographical Survey," Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 36 (1985), pp. 439-83 and below under "Investiture Controversy."
Victor III (1086-1087): H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Age of Abbot Desiderius: Montecassino, the Papcy, and the Normans in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Oxford, 1983).
Urban II (1088-1099) and Clement III (antipope): Alfons Becker, Papst Urban II. (1088-1099), 2 vols. (Schriften der MGH, 19; Munich, 1964-88); Jürgen Ziese, Wibert von Ravenna. Der Gegenpapst Clemens III. (1084-1100) (Päpste und Papsttum, 20; Stuttgart, 1982).
Paschal II (1099-1118): Carlo Servatius, Paschalis II, 1099-1118 (Stuttgart, 1979). See also Paolo Zerbi, Pasquale II e l'ideale della povertà della chiesa (Milan, 1966) and Ute-Renate Blumenthal, The Early Councils of Pope Paschal II, 1100-1110 (1978).
Calixtus II (1119-1124): Ulysse Robert, Histoire du pape Calixte II (Paris, 1891), but see also now Stanley Chodorow, "Ecclesiastical Politics and the Ending of the Investiture Contest," Speculum, 46 (1971), pp. 613-40 and Mary Stroll, "Calixtus II: A Reinterprtation of His Election and the End of the Investiture Contest," Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, 3 (1980), pp. 1-53.
Honorius II (1124-1130), Innocent II (1130-1143), and Anacletus II (antipope): Franz-Josef Schmale, Studien zum Schisma des Jahres 1130 (Cologne, 1961). But see also Mary Stroll, The Jewish Pope (Leiden, 1987).
Eugenius III (1145-53) and Hadrian IV (1154-1159): H. Gleber, Papst Eugen III. (1145-1153) unter besonderer Berüksichtigung seiner politischen Tätigkeit (Beiträge zur mittelalterlichen und neueren Geschichte, 6; Jena, 1936) and M. Maccarone, Papato e impero dalla elezione di Federico I alla morte di Adriano IV (Rome 1959).
Alexander III (1159-1181): Marshall Baldwin, Alexander III and the Twelfth Century (New Jersey, 1968); Marcel Pacaut, Alexandre III. Etude sur la conception du pouvoir pontifique dans sa pensée et dans son oeuvre (L'église et l'état au moyen age, 11; Paris); F. Liotta (ed.), Miscellanea Rolando Bandinelli, papa Alessandro III (Siena, 1986); W. Madertonr, Die zwiespältige Papstwahl des Jahres 1159 (Vienna, 1978); Robert Somerville, Pope Alexander III and the Council of Tours (Los Angeles, 1977). See also Boso's Life of Alexander III, ed. and trans. G. M. Ellis (Oxford Medieval Texts; Oxford, 1973).
The best guide to the popes between Alexander III and Innocent III (that is, 1181-98: Lucius III, Urban III, Gregory VIII, Clement III, Celestine III) is Paolo Zerbi, Papato, impero e 'respublica christiana' dal 1187 al 1198 (Milan, 1955).
A. Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum inde ab a. post Christum natum 1198 ad a. 1304, 2 volumes (Leipzig, 1874-5).
Other guides: Albert Brackman, Papsturkunden (Leipzig, 1914); Leo Santifaller, Urkundenforschung. Methoden, Ziele, Ergebnisse, second edition (1967); Hubert Stadler, Papste und Konzilien: Kirchengeschichte und Weltgeschichte, Personnen, Eneignisse, Begriffe (Dusseldorf, 1983); Thomas Freuz, Paptsurkunden des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (Historische Grundwissenschaften in Einzeldarstellungen, 2; Stuttgart, 1986).
Le Liber Censuum de l'église romaine, ed. Paul Fabre and Louis Duchesne, 3 vols. (Paris, 1889-1952).
Le Liber Pontificalis, ed. Louis Duchesne and Cyril Vogel, 3 vols. (Paris, 1886-1957). Libri Pontificalis, ed. Theodor Mommsen, 2 vols. (MGH, Gestorum Pontificum Romanorum, 1; Berlin, 1898). Partial ET: The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis), trans. Raymond Davis (Liverpool, 1989) and The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes (Liber Pontificalis), trans. Raymond Davis (Liverpool, 1992).
E. de Rozière (ed.), Liber diurnus, ou Recueil des formules usitées par la chancellerie pontificale du Ve au XIe siècle (Paris, 1869); Wilhelm Peitz (ed.), Liber Diurnus: Fides romana, I. Das vorephesinische Symbol des Papstkanzlei (Rome, 1939); Hans Foerster (ed.), Liber Romanorum Pontificum (Bern, 1958). See also Wilhelm Peitz, Liber Diurnus: Methodisches zur Diurnusforschung (Rome, 1940).
Pierre Coustant, Epistolae Romanorum pontificum et quae ad eos scriptae sunt a Clemente I usque ad Innocentium III (Paris, 1721).
Epistolae Merowingici et Karolini aevi, ed. Ernst Dümmler, W. Gundlach, et al., 6 vols. (Berlini, 1892-1939). Nicholas I (4:257-690); Hadrian II (4:691-765); John VIII (5:1-333); Stephan V (5:334-65); Formosus (5:366-70).
Dierich Lohrmann, Das Register Papst Johannes' VIII, (872-882). Neue Studien zur Abschrift Reg. Vat. I, zum verlorenen Originalregister, und zum Diktat der Briefe (Tübingen, 1968).
Papsturkunden 896-1046, ed. Harald Zimmermann, 2 vols. (Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften, 174; Vienna, 1984-5). See also Johann Friedrich Böhmer, Regesta Imperii: Sächsisches Haus, 919-1024, fünfte Abteilung: Papstregesten, 911-1024, ed. Harald Zimmermann (Vienna, 1969).
Leo Santifaller (ed.), Quellen und Forschungen zum Urkunden und Kanzleiwesen Papst Gregors VII, part 1 [only one published] (Studi e testi, 190; Vatican, 1957).
Erich Caspar, Das Register Gregors VII, 2 vols. (MGH, Epistolae selectae, 2; Gerlin, 1920-55). Partial ET: Ephraim Emerton, The Correspondence of Gregory VII (New York, 1932). See also The Epistolae Vagantes of Pope Gregory VII, ed. and trans. H. E. J. Cowdrey (Oxford, 1972).
Robert Somerville, The Councils of Urban II: I, Decreta Claromontensia (Amsterdam, 1972).
Italy: Paul Kehr, Italia pontificia, sive Repertorium privilegiorum et litterarum a Romanis pontificibus ante annum MCLXXXXVIII, Italiae ecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatibus, singulisque personis concessorum, 12 vols. (Berlin, 1906-present). See also Samuel Löwenfeld, Papsturkunden in Italien: Ein Nachtrag (Vienna, 1880); Walther Holtzmann (ed.), Kanonistische Ergänzungen zur Italia Pontificia (Tübingen, 1959); Paul Kehr, Papsturkunden in Italien: Reiseberichte zur Italia Pontificia, 6 vols. (Vatican, 1977); Rudolf Hiestand, Initien- und Empfangerzeichnen zu Italia
Pontificia (MGH, Hilfsmittel, 6; Munich, 1983).
Iberia: Paul Kehr, Paptsurkunden in Spanien (Göttingen, 1926-28) [1: Catalonia; 2: Navarre and Aragon]. Carl Erdmann, Paptsurkunden in Portugal (Berlin, 1927).
France: Papsturkunden in Frankreich, 8 vols. (Berlin, 1932-present). (1: Champagne and Lotharingia; 2: Normandy; 3: Artois; 4: Picardy; 5: Touraine, Anjou, Maine, and Brittany; 6: Orléanais; 7: Northern Ile-de-France and Vermandois; 8: Paris [only first volume published to date]). See also Wilhelm Wiederhold, Papsturkunden in Frankreich: Reiseberichte zur Gallia Pontificia, 2 vols. (Vatican, 1985).
Germany: Germania pontificia, sive repertorium privilegiorum et letterarum a Romanis Pontificibus ante annum MCLXXXXVIII Germaniae ecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatibus, singulisque personis concessorum, 10 vols. (Berlin, 1911 [1-3]; Gottingen, 1978-87 [4-10]). (1: Salzburg; 2-4: Mainz; 6: Hamburg-Bremen; 7: Cologne; 10: Trier). Note: volumes 4-10 are appearing in individual fascicles; many are not yet prepared.
Low countries and Switzerland: Papsturkunden in Frankreich, ed. Johannes Ramackers, 2 vols. (Göttingen, 1933-4). Acta pontifica helvetica. Band 1: 1198-1268, ed. Johannes Bernouilli (Gasel, 1891) (only volume published). Anton Largiader, Die Papsturkunden der Schweiz von Innozenz III. bis Martin V., ohne Zurich. Ein Beitrag zum Censimentum Helveticum, 2 vols. (Zurich, 1969-present).
British Isles: Walther Holtzmann, Paptsurkunden in England, 3 vols. (Berlin, 1930-52). (1: London libraries; 2: Church libraries and archives; 3: Oxford and Cambridge libraries). See also Papal Decretals Relating to the Diocese of Lincoln in the Twelfth Century, ed. Walther Holtzmann, trans. Eric Kemp (Publications of the Lincoln Records Society, 47; Hereford, 1954). Scotia pontificia: Papal Letters to Scotland Before the Pontificate of Innocent III, ed. and trans. Robert Somerville (Oxford, 1982). Pontificia Hibernica: Medieval Papal Chancery Documents Concerning Ireland, 640-1261, ed. Maurice Sheehy, 2 vols. (Dublin, 1962-65).
Scandinavia: Acta pontificum danica. Pavelige aktstydden vedrÒrende Danmark, 1316-1536, 7 vols. (Copenhagen, 1904-43).
Eastern Europe: Joannes Ptasnik, Analecta Vaticana, 1202-1366 (Monumenta Poloniae Vaticana, 3; Cracow, 1914).
Holy Land: Rudolf Hiestand, Papsturkunden für Templer und Johanniter (Gottingen, 1984) and Papsturkunden für Kirchen im Heiligen Lande (Gottingen, 1985).
James Powell, Innocent III: Vicar of Christ or Lord of the World? (Boston, 1963).
Friedrich Kempf, Papsttum und Kaisertum bei Innocenz III. Die geistigen und rechtlichen Grundlagen seiner Thronstreitpolitik (Miscellanea Historiae Pontificiae, 19; Rome, 1954).
Wilhelm Imkamp, Das Kirchenbild Innocenz' III. (1198-1216) (Päpste und Papsttum, 22; Stuttgart, 1983).
Christopher Cheney, Innocent III and England (Päpste und Papsttum, 9; Stuttgart, 1976).
Giulo Cipollone, Cristianitià-Islam. Cattività e liberazione in nome di Dio. Il tempo di Innocenzo III dopo "il 1187" (Rome, 1992).
Innocent III's Opera omnia may be found in old editions in PL 214-17.
Lotario de Segni, Lotharius Cardinalis de miseria humane conditionis, ed. M. Maccarrone (Bibliotheca lationorum mediae et recentioris aetatis, Lucca, 1955).
D. Mansilla, La Documentation pontificia hasta Innocencio III (965-1216) (Monumenta Hispaniae Vaticana, REgistros 1; Rome, 1955).
Friedrich Kempf, Die Register Innozenz III (Rome, 1945). But still see also Léopold Delisle, "Lettres inédites d'Innocent III," Bibliothèque d'Ecole des Chartes, 34 (1873), pp. 397-419.
Registrum Innocentii III papae super negotio Romani imperii, ed. Friedrich Kempf (Rome 1947).
Acta Innocentii pp III, ed. Th. Haluscynskyi (Pontificia Commissio ad redinendum Codicem Juris Canonici Orientalis, Fontes, Series III, vol. II; Vatican, 1944).
Christopher Cheney, W. H. Semple (eds. and trans.), Selected Letters of Pope Innocent III Concerning England (London, 1953) and Christopher Cheney and Mary Cheney (eds.), The Letters of Pope Innocent II (1198-1216) Concerning England and Wales. A Calendar with an Appendix of Texts (Oxford, 1967). See also P. J. Dunning, "The Letters of Pope Innocent III to Ireland," Traditio, 18 (1962), pp. 229-53 and "The Letters of Pope Innocent III to Ireland," Studies in Church History, 1 (1964), pp. 154-9.
Die Register Innocenz'III. Volume 1: Pontifikatsjahr 1198/99, ed. Othmar Hageneder and Aanton Haidacher (Publickationen der Abteilung für historische Studien des Osterreichischen Kulturinstituts in Rom, II, Abteilung, I, Reihe, 1; Vienna, 1964). Volume II: Pontifikatsjahr 1199/1200, ed. Othmar Hageneder, W. Maleczek, and A. Strnad (Publickationen der Abteilung für historische Studien des Osterreichischen Kulturinstituts in Rom, II, Abteilung, I, Reihe, 2; Vienna, 1979).
C. G. Fürst, Cardinalis: Prolegomena zu einer Rechtsgeschichte des römischen Kardinalskollegiums (Munish, 1967).
H. W. Klewitz, Reforpapsttum und Kardinalkolleg (Darmstadt, 1957).
Werner Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216 (Vienna, 1984).
Giuseppe Alberigo, Cardinalato e collegialità: studi sull
ecclesiologia tra l'XIe e il XIV secolo (Florence, 1969).
Rudolf Hüls, Kardinale, Klerus und kirchen Roms 1049-1130 (Tübingen, 1977). A prosoprographical work.
On individual cardinals, see Adrian Morey, Bartholomew of Exeter (Cambridge, 1967); Adrian Morey and Christopher Brooke, Gilbert Foliot and His Letters (Cambridge, 1965); Mary Cheney, Bishop Roger of Worcester (Oxford, 1980).
On legates, see Jane Sayers, Papal Judges Delegate in the Province of Canterbury, 1198-1254 (Oxford, 1971) and W. Janssen, Die päpstlichen Legaten in Frankreich, 1130-98 (Cologne, 1961).
Geoffrey Barraclough, Public Notaries and the Papal Curia (London, 1934) and Papal Provisions: Aspects of Church History, Constitutional, Legal and Administrataive in the Later Middle Ages (Oxford, 1935).
Gerhard Schimmelpfennig, Die Zeremonienbücher dre römischen Kurie im Mittelalter (Tübingen, 1973).
J. Sydow, "Untersuchungen zur kurialen Verwaltungsgeschichte im Zeitalter des Reformspapsttums," Deutches Archiv, 11 (1954/55), pp. 18-73.
William Lunt (ed. and trans.), Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages, 2 vols. (New York, 1934) and Financial Relations of England and the Papacy to 1327 (Cambridge, MA, 1939).
Reginald Poole, Lectures on the History of the Papal Chancery (Cambridge, 1915) remains important.
Martino Giusti, Studi sui registri di bolle papali, (Vatican, 1968).
André Vauchez, La sainteté en occident aux derniers siècles du moyen âge d'après les procès de canonisation et les documents hagiographiques (Rome, 1981).
Some of the key texts in the development of papal procedures of canonization may be found in The Book of St. Gilbert, eds. and trans. Gillian Keir and Raymonde Foreville (Oxford Medieval Texts; Oxford, 1987).
Ludwig Hertling, "Materiali per la storia del processo di canonizzazione," Gregorianum, 16 (1935), pp. 170-95.
Y. Garcia y Garcia, "A propos de la canonisation des saints au XIIe siècle," Revue de droit canonique, 17 (1968), pp. 3-15.
Stephan Kuttner, "La réserve papale du droit de canonisation," Revue historique de droit français et étranger, fourth series, 18 (1938), pp. 172-228.
Jakob Schlafke, "Das Recht der Bischöfe in 'Causis sanctorum' bis zum Jahre 1234," Die Kirche und ihre Amter und Stände: Festgabe für seine Eminenz den Hochwürdigsten Herrn Joseph Kardinal Frings (Cologne, 1960), pp. 417-33.
Eberhard Demm, "Zur Rolle des Wunders in der Heiligkeitskonzeption des Mittelalters," Archiv für Kulturgeschichte, 57 (1975), pp. 300-44.
Agostino Amore, "Culto e Canonizzazione dei Santi nell'antichitá Cristiana," in Antonianum, 52 (1977), pp. 38-80 and "La canonizazzione vescovile," Antonianum, 52 (1977), pp. 231-66.
Bernhard Scholz, "The Canonization of Edward the Confessor," Speculum 36 (1961), pp. 38-60.
Robert Folz, "La Chancellerie de Frédéric Ier et la canonisation de Charlemagne," Le Moyen Age, 70 (1964), pp. 13-31.
Jürgen Petersohn, "Die päpstliche Kanonisationsdelegation des 11. und 12. Jahrhunderts und die Heiligsprechung Karls des Grossen," Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law (Toronto, 1972) (Monumenta Iuris Canonici, series C, 5; Vatican City, 1976), pp. 163-206 and "Die litterae Papst Innocenz III zur Heiligsprechung der Kaiserin Kunigunde (1200)," Jahrbuch für fränkische Landesforschung, 37 (1977), pp. 1-25.
On canonisation in Scandinavia, see S. Tunberg, "Erik den helige, Sveriges helgenkonung," Fornvännen, 36 (1941), pp. 257-78; Hans Bekker-Nielsen, "A Note on Two Icelandic Saints," The Germanic Review, 36 (1971), pp. 108-9; Stephan Kuttner, "St. Jon of Holar. Canon Law and Hagiography," Analecta Cracoviensia, 7 (1975), pp. 367-75.
---, "L'exemption monastique et les origines de la réforme grégorienne," in A Cluny. Congrès scientifique. Fêtes et cérémonies liturgique en l'honneur des saints abbés Odon et Odilon 9-11 juillet 1949 (Dijon, 1950), pp. 288-340.
---, "Le Monachisme et l'encadrement religieux des campagnes du royaume de France situées au nord de la Loire, de la fin du X à la fin du XIe siècle," in Le istituzioni ecclesiastiche della "Societas Christiana" dei secoli XI-XII. Diocesi, pievi e parrocchie (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 8; Milan, 1977), pp. 357-95.
Granz Felten, Äbte und Laienäbte im Frankenreich: Studie zum Verhältnis von Staat und Kirche im früheren Mittelalter (Monographien zur Geschichte des Mittelalters, 20; Stuttgart, 1980).
Mogens Rathsack, Die Fulda Falschungen: Eine rechtshistorische Analyse der papstlichen Privilegien des Klosters Fulda von 751 bis ca. 1158, trans. Preben Morgensen, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1989).
Thomas Head, Hagiography and the Cult of Saints. The Diocese of Orléans, 800-1200 (Cambridge, 1990), chapters 5 and 6.
Otto Oexle, Forschungen zu monastischen und geistlichen Gemeinschaften im westfränkischen Bereich (Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften, 31; Munich, 1978).
Joachim Wollasch, Mönchtum des Mittelalters zwischen Kirche und Welt (Münstersche Mittelalter-Schriften, 7; Munich, 1973).
Raymund Kottje and Helmut Maurer (eds.), Monastische Reformen im 9. und 10. Jahrhundert (Vorträge und Forschungen, 38; Sigmaringen, 1989).
Marco Mostert, The Political Theology of Abbo of Fleury. A Study of the Ideas About Society and Law of the Tenth-Century Monastic Reform Movement (Middeleeuwse Studies en Bronnen, 2; Hilversum, 1987).
Neithard Bulst, Untersuchungen zu den Klosterreformen Wilhelms von Dijon (962-1031) (Pariser historische Studien, 11; Bonn 1973). See also Edmond Ortigues and Dominque Iogna-Prat, "Raoul Glaber et l'historiographie clunisienne," Studi Medievali 26 (1985), pp. 537-572.
Hubert Dauphin, Le Bienheureux Richard, abbé de Saint Vanne de Verdun (+1046) (Louvain, 1946).
H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Age of Abbot Desiderius: Montecassino, the Papcy, and the Normans in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries (Oxford, 1983).
Elisabeth Magnou-Nortier, La société laïque et l'église dans la province ecclésiastique de Narbonne, de la fin du VIIIe à la fin du XIe siècle (Toulouse, 1974).
Michel Aubrun, L'ancien diocèse de Limoges des origines au milieu du XIe siècle (Institut d'Etudes du Massif Central, 21; Clermont-Ferrand, 1981). See also Andreas Sohn, Der abbatiat Ademars von Saint-Martial de Limoges (1063-1114). Ein Beitrage zur Geschichte des cluniacesichen klösterverreines (Münster, 1989).
On the diocese of Angers: J.-M. Bienvenu, "Les caractères originaux de la réforme grégoriennce dans le diocèse d'Angers," Bulletin philologique et historique (1971), pp. 545-60; Bernard Bachrach, "Robert of Blois, Abbot of Saint-Florent de Saumur and Saint-Mesmin de Micy (985-1011)'. A Study in Small Power Politics," Revue Bénédictine, 88 (1978), pp. 123-46; William Ziezulewicz, "Abbatial Elections at Saint Florent-de-Saumur (ca. 950-1118)," Church History, 57 (1988), 289-97.
Cebrià Barant, Les actes de consagracions d'esglésies de l'antil bisbat d'Urgell (segles IX-XII) (Urgell, 1986).
Johannes von Walter, Die ersten Wanderprediger Frankreichs, I: Robert von Artbrissel and II: Bernhard von Thiron; Vitalis von Savigny; Girald von Salles; Bemerkungen zur Norbert von Xanten und Heinrich von Lausanne 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1903-6).
Ernst Werner, Pauperes Christi. Studien zu sozial-religiösen Bewegungen im Zeitalter des Reformpapsttums (Leipzig, 1956).
Henrietta Leyser, Hermits and the New Monasticism. A Study of Religious Communities in Western Europe, 1000-1150 (London, 1984).
Lester Little, Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe (Ithaca, 1978).
Michel Mollat, Les pauvres au Moyen Age (Paris, 1978), ET The Poor in the Middle Ages: An Essay in Social History, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New Haven, 1986).
Little attention has been paid to the role of secular canons in reform, but see G. Denzler, "Die Kanonikerbewegung und die gregorianishce Reform im 11. Jahrhundert," Studi Gregoriani, 9 (1972), pp. 223-37.
On Cluny, monastic reform, and the papacy, see particularly H. E. J. Cowdrey, The Cluniacs and the Gregorian Reform (Oxford, 1970). For further bibliography see Noreen Hunt, Cluniac Monasticism (1971), pp. 1-10 and 238-42; Kenneth Conant, "Cluny Studies, 1986-1975," Speculum, 50 (1975), pp. 383-90; Blumenthal, The Investiture Controversy (1988), pp. 25-6.
See also the articles collected in L'eremitismo in occidente nei secoli XI e XII (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 4; Milan, 1965); I laici nella 'societas christiana' dei secoli XI e XII (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 5; Milan, 1968); Monachesimo e la riforma ecclesiastica (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 6; Milan, 1971); and Le istituzioni ecclesiastiche della "Societas Christiana" dei secoli XI-XII. Diocesi, pievi e parrocchie (Miscellanea del Centro di studi medioevali, 8; Milan, 1977).
The key texts are published in: Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum saeculis XI et XII conscripti, ed. Ernst Dümmler and Ernst Sackur, 3 vols. (Hannover, 1891-97).
For translations: Theodor Mommsen and Karl Morrison, Imperial Lives and Letters of the Eleventh Century (New York, 1962) and Brian Tierney, The Crisis of Church and State, 1050-1300 (New York, 1964 and reprints).
The two foundational studies remain: Auguste Fliche, la réforme grégorienne, 3 vols. (Paris, 1924-37); Gerd Tellenbach, Libertas: Kirche und Weltordnung im Zeitalter des Investiturstreites (Leipzig, 1936); ET as Church, State and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest, trans. R. F. Bennett (Oxford, 1970). And see I. S. Robinson, Authority and Resistance in the Investiture Contest: The Polemical Literature of the Late Eleventh Century (Manchester, 1978) for a previously understudied period in the controversy.
For critiques of the concept "Gregorian reform," see O. Capitani "Esiste un 'Età Gregoriana'?" Rivista di Storia e Litteratura Religiosa, 1 (1965), pp. 454-81; J. Gilchrist, "Was There a Gregorian Reform Movement?" Canadian Catholic Historical Association Study Sessions, 37 (1970), pp. 1-10; and Gerd Tellenbach, "`Gregorianische Reform'. Kritische Besinnungen," in Reich und Kirche vor dem Investiturstreit. Vorträge beim wissenschaftlichen Kolloquium aus Anlass des achtzigsten Geburtstags von Gerd Tellenbach, ed. Karl Schmid (Sigmaringen, 1985), pp. 99-113.
For a Marxist critique of the problem, see Berhard Töpfer, "Tendenzen zur Entsakralisierung der Herrscherwürde in der Zeit des Investiturstreites," Jahrbuch für Geschichte des Feudalismus, 6 (1982), pp. 163-72.
Some useful collections of articles: Josef Fleckenstein (ed.), Investiturstreit und Reichsverfassung (Vorträge und Forschungen, 17; Sigmaringen, 1973); Karl Schmid (ed.), Reich und Kirche vor dem Investiturstreit: Vorträge beim wissenschaftlichen Kolloquium aus Anlass des achtzigsten Geburtstags von Gerd Tellenbach (Sigmaringen, 1985). For ongoing work on these topics, see the journal (really more a series of symposia proceedings) Studi Gregoriani and the relevant volumes of the series Päpste und Papsttum (published in Stuttgart).
Some recent books: Paulo Golinelli (ed.), Sant'Anselmo, Mantova e la lotta per le investiture: atti del convegno internazionale di studi (Bologna, 1987); I. S. Robinson, The Papacy, 1073-1198 (Cambridge, 1990); Thomas Vogtherr, Der König und der Heilige: Heinrich IV., der heilige Remaklus und die Mönche des Doppelklosters Stablo-Malmedy (Munich, 1990).
A few useful articles on the background to some of the chief issues concerning clerical purity in the controversy: Hans Meier-Welcker, "Die Simonie im frühen Mittelalter," Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte 64 (1952/53), pp. 61-93; B. Schimmelpfennig, "Zölibat und Lage der Priestersöhne vom 11. bis 14. Jahrhundert," Historische Zeitschrift 227 (1978), pp. 1-44; Raymund Kottje, "Konkubinat und Kommunionwürdigkeit in vorgratianischen Kirchenrecht. Zu c. 12 der römischen Ostersynode von 1059," Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum 7 (1975), pp. 159-65.
On art and the Gregorian reform, see: Ernst Kitzinger, "The Gregorian Reform and the Visual Arts; A Problem of Method," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, fifth series, 22 (1972), pp. 87-102; R. H. Hough, The Reformist Illuminations in the Gospels of Matilda (The Hague, 1973); Howard Bloch, Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages, 3 vols. (Cambridge, MA, 1986); Hèlène Toubert, Un art dirigé. Réforme grégorienne et iconographie (Paris, 1990).
On the problem of excommunication, see Roger Reynolds, "Rites of Separation and Reconciliation in the Early Middle Ages," in Segni e riti nella chiesa altomedievale occidentale, 2 vols. (Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull'alto medioevo, 33. Spoleto, 1987), 1:405-33; Elisabeth Vodola, Excommunication in the Middle Ages (Berkeley, 1986); Philip Hofmeister, "Die Excommunicatio regularis," Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschicthe, Kanonistische Abteilung, 77 (1960); Alfons Gommenginger, "Bedeutet die Exkommunikation Verlust der Kirchengliedschaft: eine dogmatisch-kanonistiche Untersuchung," Zeitschrift für Katholische Theologie, 73 91951), pp. 34-42; Richard Helmholz, "Excommunication as a Legal Sanction: The Attitudes of Medieval Canonists," Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschicthe, Kanonistische Abteilung, 99 (1982), 204-212.